Either Major Stewart has made a mistake in his account of the Akhlak Näfery, in the divifion of Ethics, No. 9, page 51, or the copy in Tippoo Sultan's collection, differs from feveral manufcripts of that work which we have had an opportunity of examining. We believe the proper reading of the name of the author of Ketab al Teharet (the original Arabic work) is Abu Aly Mohammed Ben Mefcaviah, and not Mekavieh. The arrangement of the chapters too is widely different; Major S. makes them fix, but we can only find three, which are divided and fubdivided in the following manner.

Three Makalah, chapters or divifions.

Makalah ft. confifts of two divifions-divifion 1ft, fubdivided into feven fections-divifion 2d. into ten fections.

Makalah zd. confifts of five fections.

Makalah 3d. contains eight fections, concluding with the ad vice of Plato, &c.

In the divifion of Poetry we quote the notices given by Major Stewart, of Sâdy and Hafiz, and regret that he has not indulged the public with fhort accounts of all the authors of the different works, and with fuch little anecdotes as would enable the reader to form fome idea of their refpective characters. He could have procured the memoirs of all the best authors (particularly of poets) in the Biographers, or Tezkerehs of Dowlat Shah, Taki Auhadi, Sirajuddin Ali, Ali Kuli, Sám Mirza, &c. &c. and he has fhewn us how very capable he is of selecting and arranging them.

"Kulliat Sady. The works of Sâdy, containing feventeen. books, all of which are held in great eftimation. The author was the celebrated Moshleh addeen Shaikh Sâdy of Shiraz. He died A. D. 1290, aged 102 years. During his youth he ferved as a foldier both against the Hindus and Chriftians: by the latter he was taken prifoner, and obliged to work at the fortifications of Tripoli, whence he was liberated by a perfon who gave him his daughter in marriage; but the lady was of fo bad a temper, that the poet complained he had exchanged his flavery for a worse bondage.

"He was a great traveller, and made the pilgrimage of Mecca fourteen times. When advanced in years, he devoted much of his time to folitude and religious contemplation. He was a dif ciple of the venerated Sufy, Abd al Cader Ghiläni, or, at least, adopted his opinions. During the period of his retirement he was vifited by Princes and the great men of the age, and was held in the highest degree of veneration by the people. His tomb is ftill to be feen in the neighbourhood of Shiraz.

Nn4

"A very

&

"A very good edition of Sâdy's works was published in Calcutta about twelve years ago, by Mr. Harrington; with an English Preface, containing the memoirs of the Author, and many other interefting anecdotes,"

No. 50 of the divifion of Poetry, page 64, is the Dūwẵn Khuage.

"The celebrated collection of myftical and other poems of Hafiz, most of which have been at different times tranflated into fome of the European languages. At the head of the English tranflators ftand Sir W. Jones, Meffrs. Richardson and Carlyle. The two former, however, acknowledge their obligations to Baron Revitsky, whofe Specimina Poefeos Perfice were published at Vienna in the year 1770. Vide Sir W. Jones's Works, Vol. 2d. page 321; Vol. 5th. page 484.

"The author of thefe Poems was Mohammed Shems addeen Hafiz, of Shiraz. He died A. D. 1394, and was buried with confiderable pomp. His tomb is ftill to be feen in the neighbourhood of his native city.

"A few of his pocins may be underflood in a literal fenfe, but in general they are figurative, and allude to the Sufy doctrines. Had wealth or fenfual enjoyments been the wifh of Hafiz, they might have been amply gratified, as moft liberal offers, both from the princes of Perfia and India, were held out to him; but he preferred a life of poverty and retirement. He was eminent for his piety, and paffed much of his time in folitude, devoting himfelf to the fervice of God, and reflecting on the Divine Nature, By the general confent of his countrymen he is claffed among their infpired and holy men; and his works, held as inferior only, to the Koran, are frequently confulted by divines. The ufurper Nadir Shah never undertook any arduous enterprize unless he found a happy omen in thefe myfterious poems."

66

In this divifion (poetry) where the works of Jamy are mentioned, vide Nos, 52 and 54, we find the fame mistake in the title of one of the poems, as crept into Sir William Jones's Grammar. We allude to that named by Major Stewart Sejyet al Abrar" (the Manners of the Juft), but which in every manufcript we have ever feen (and we have feen fome good and valuable copies) is written Sabbat al Abrãr, The difference in Perfian characters, as the Oriental scholar will foon difcover, is not eafily difcerned, but we will venture to fay, that after reading this notice there are few readers of Perfian who will fail to perceive, on examining their copies of this poem, that the first diacritical point in the word is the diftinguifhing mark of Be and not of Jim. Befides the meaning of the word Sabbat (a rosary) is much

more

more appofite than that of Sejyet, (manners) as the book confifts of a string of forty feparate prayers, or fermons. Should there ftill be a doubt on the subject, it must be done away by reading the author's preface, where, by fcanning, the lines in which the title of the book is introduced, it will be found that Sejyet would be a fyllable too long for the metre. Jamy, moreover, in recommending the perufal of his book to the virtuous, plays on the title by requesting they will wear his rofary round their necks.

We now take leave of Major Stewart, highly pleased with his interefting catalogue, but cannot pafs by the few errata which, we prefume, has escaped his notice.

In the word Hind, in Perfian characters, the letter Ye fhould be omitted. Vide Indian Hiftory, No. 42, page 17. The word Maarij fhould be fpelt with an Ain inflead of a Vaw. Vide Ecclefiaftical Hiftory, No. 57, page 22.

For Joy Buffunt read Joy Bafhifht. Vide Ethics, No. 21, page 53.

Corabidin, in Perfian characters, has Ye inftead of Be. Vide Phyfic, No. 20, page 110.

Sherch, in Perfian, has a Sin inftead of a Shin. Vide Philofophy, No. 3, page 117.

The word Nahu has a Hamza inftead of a He. Vide Turkish Books, No. 2, page 184, and Arabic Books, No. 5, page 188.

As fpecimens of Major Stewart's ftyle, we fubjoin a few extracts from his "Memoirs of Hyder Aly Khan," and of Tippoo Sultan," and also a few paffages from his tranfla tions in the appendix.

From the Memoirs of Hyder Aly Khan.

"Hyder Aly now perceived, with triumph, his ambitious views ripening to maturity, and, under pretence of fecuring his conquefts, augmented his old corps, and took into his fervice an additional body of troops, on whofe attachment he could depend."

"Thefe circumftances being reported to the Delaway, he began to repent of the blind partiality which had induced him to raife Hyder Aly to fo dangerous a height of power and authority, and propofed to the Raja to inveigle him to Seringapatam, and to fecure his perfon. In profecution of this defign, a letter, re. plete with thanks and flattery, was written by the Delaway to Hyder, inviting him to return to court, to receive fome diftin. guished mark of honour, in reward for his brilliant fervices.

"Hyder, who was well verfed in all the intrigues and politics of an Oriental court, conftantly retained a private agent at Serin gapatam,

gapatam, to whom he paid a liberal allowance for furnishing him with intelligence. From this perfon he learnt the infidious purport of the letter before it arrived. After confidering the iteps it became neceffary to take, he marched from Batapore to Bangalore, and having collected all his forces, proceeded at their head to Seringapatam, where he encamped in the neighbourhood of the city. In the evening he went to pay his refpects to the minister, attended by a few trufty followers; but, although every thing had previously been arranged for feizing or putting him to death, the opportunity was fuffered to efcape, and no attempt was made. The next vifit was fixed for the perpetration of the act; but the attachment which fome perfons, acquainted with the intentions of the Delaway, bore to Hyder, induced them to apprize him of the plans in agitation against him. Although previously aware of the hoftile defigns of the minifter, he affected much furprize and alarm at this intelligence; and, having confulted with his friends, refolved to depofe the Delaway. To accomplish this object, he proceeded, a few days afterwards, under pretence of paying the promifed vifit, to the refidence of the minifter, and, ftationing a party of foldiers at the door, entered the houfe with a felect guard, and, without oppofition, took him prifoner. A detachment was then fent to reduce the palace; but the Raja fubmitted voluntarily, and, fending for Hyder Aly, received him moft gra cioufly, and declared, before the whole court, that the conduct of Josächuri Nandoraj having for fome time paft given him great offence, it had been his serious intention to depofe him from the office of Delaway, and to confer that honour on his general, Hyder Aly; but that measure being now happily effected without his interference, he had much pleafure in placing the reins of go. vernment in fo able hands. Hyder, feeing the Rajah fufficiently intimidated, was profufe in his proteftations of fidelity and attachment, and alledged the minifter's defign upon his life as the fole caufe of the commotion which had taken place. Next day, however, he repaired to court, and demanded a patent or commiffion conferring on him and his pofterity the perpetual office of Delaway. The Rājā, dreading the confequences of a refufal, acquiefced in this demand, and contented himfelf with requiring a written engagement, ftipulating that he and his pofterity should prove themfelves loyal and obedient fubjects. Thus Hyder Aly acquired the real fovereignty of Myfore, but for fome time continued his refpectful behaviour to the Raja. All the public acts of government were made in the name of the prince; and, on occafion of any new conquefts, congratulatory letters and prefents were fent to him. This event happened in the year 1759.

"The first act of Hyder Aly's authority was to get poffeffion of the fort of Myfore. To this place he fent his prifoner, the late Delaway, with his two fons, Virajand and Tadarāj, but allowed them a comfortable penfion. The father furvived biş

difgrace

aifgrace thirteen years; and one of the fons lived long enough to witness the restoration of the royal family to the throne, and the deftruction of the fon of the ufurper.

Hyder, having thus difpofed of his rival, ufurped all the official powers of government, and feldom condefcended even to confult the Rājā. Many of the diftant Zemindārs, however, refufed to acknowledge his authority, and there was still a ftrong party against him about the court. The latter he appears to have held in too much contempt; for in the month of May, of the year 1760, he fuffered himself to be prevailed on, by the offers of M. Lally, governor of Pondicherry, to detach, to the affiftance of the French, nearly the whole of his regular troops, amounting to 2000 cavalry and 3000 infantry, with fome artillery, under the command of his wife's brother, Mukhdum Sahib. Even after the departure of thefe troops, fuch was his confidence, that he continued to refide at Deria Bagh, a garden diftant about three miles from the fort of Seringapatam, attended only by a guard of 300 chofen horfe."

From the Memoirs of Tippoo Sultan.

"A. D. 1796. In the year 1796, the Myfore Rajā Chiaum Raij died, leaving an only fon, then an infant of three years old, to inherit the dignity of his ancestors. But the haughty Sultan would not now condefcend to acknowledge even a nominal fuperior; and, far from exalting the boy to the throne of his forefathers, barely allowed him to exift in fqualid poverty, and humi liating contempt.

"A. D. 1797. In the end of this year, or the commencement of 1797, an army of Afghans croffed the river Attock, and attempted to proceed towards Dhely. They were, however, fo warmly oppofed by the Seik chiefs, that after lofing a confiderable number of mes, they were obliged to retreat. This expedition was probably undertaken by Zeman Shah, in compliance with the propofals made by Tippoo to that prince, in his firft plan for attacking the English; and it fo far alarmed the British government, that a large force was affembled at Mindy Jhat, on the western bank of the Ganges, avowedly for the purpose of oppofing the invafion.

"The intrigues and military movements of Tippeo at this period, (although his correfpondence with the Shah was not then known) rendering it probable, that he meant to take advantage of thefe circumstances to invade the Carnatic, the Madrafs army was

* Vide Tippoo's Correfpondence with Zeman Shah, Nos. 22 and 26; Beatfon's War in Myfore; and Afiatic Regifter for

alfo