2. Allowed. "Down-east" for believed. The phrase, “I allow," in the mouth of the New Englander is nearly equivalent to "it is my intention to."

99, 1. Blackfoot. A tribe of Indians belonging to the Algonkin family, living first northeast of the Great Lakes. 2. Ah! oui, oui, monsieur! Oh! yes, yes, sir!

100, 1. Dank. Damp.

101, 1. Champing. Biting with repeated action of the teeth.

2. Catching it. By the use of this and similar prairie phrases several times throughout the narrative, the appropriate atmosphere is secured.

102, 1. Banditti. A group of bandits, or outlaws. Notice the formation of the plural, after the Italian word.

103, 1. Sioux. Notice that this tribe and the Dacotahs are the same. See p. 211, 1. 16.

104, 1. Valley of the Platte. Now comes the long-desired goal of many days' riding. R. had guided them north instead of west to the St. Joseph Trail, along which they had to proceed southwesterly until they crossed the Big Blue, thus completing two sides of a right-angled triangle.

105, 1. Sandy plain. This journey up the Platte or Nebraska River to Fort Laramie led Parkman through the present state of Nebraska. Since starting from Westport, he had traversed what is now Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska. 106, 1. Cincture. A belt, a girdle.

110, 1. Bois de vache. Literally wood of cow; dry buffalo dung which was burned instead of wood on the plains.

2. Buttes. Isolated peaks or abrupt elevations of land in the central and western parts of North America, too high to be called hills or ridges, and not high enough to be called mountains.

111, 1. Tall white wagons. The wagons of the emigrants, known as prairie schooners. They had wide tops of canvas drawn over large semicircular strips of wood, and fastened at the front and rear to form round openings, which served as entrance and exit. The wagons were drawn by oxen.

112, 1. Prickly-pears. A species of cactus, a plant destitute of leaves and covered with spines.

116, 1. Led horse. A pack horse, or a spare horse, that is led along.

2. Running is out of the question. Two methods of hunting buffalo were commonly practised: "running" and "approaching." For a detailed account of the two methods see pp. 462-465. "Running" is the more perilous sport of the two, but is more exciting and more wild.

118, 1. Mongrel race.

119,

Of a mixed breed.

1. Ebullition. An exhilaration or outward display of feeling.

124, 1. Snaffle. without branches.

A bridle consisting of a slender bit-mouth,

131, 1. Pioneers. The first pioneers of Kentucky were Daniel Boone and five others who in 1769 went into the forests of that region, occupied then only by Indians and wild beasts. See p. 31, 1. 8.

135, 1. German forests. The tribes beyond the Rhinethe Vandals, the Suevi, the Burgundians, and other peoplespoured from the forests and morasses of Germany and overspread the plains of Italy. Rome was sacked by Alaric, their leader, in 410, and by the Vandals in 455. In 476 the Roman Empire in the West came to an end, and Odoacer, the leader of a small German tribe, became the ruler of Italy.

141, 1. Cognizance. Knowledge or notice.

142, 1. Scott's Bluff. In Astor a by Washington Irving one may read the touching story of how this bluff received its

name.

146, 1. Macbeth's witches. The three "weird sisters" who inspire Macbeth to murder, in Shakespeare's play. Their ugliness may be judged by the following descriptions of them by Banquo and Macbeth:

So withered, and so wild in their attire.

Her choppy finger laying

Upon her skinny lips.

You should be women,

And yet your beards forbid me to interpret
That you are so.

148, 1. Black Hills. A range of mountains in southwestern Dakota and northeastern Wyoming, 7,400 feet high. Parkman includes under this term that part of the Rocky Mountains which runs down to the source of the Platte River.

151, 1. Shongsasha. See p. 277, 1. 19, and p. 354, l. 14. 154, 1. Bedizened. Dressed or adorned with false taste. They were more interested in their own appearance than in their children.

2. Engagés. Employees.

3. Not traders. There was so much competition among the various fur companies that all newcomers at Fort Laramie were looked upon as commercial rivals until their identity was fully established.

157, 1. Palisade. A fence of strong stakes, used as a means of defense.

2. Banquette. A little raised way, running along the inside of a parapet, on which musketeers stand to fire upon the enemy

in front.

162, 1. George Catlin (1796-1872). Painter and traveler. He spent eight years traveling among the Indians, of whom he painted 470 full-length portraits. He traveled also in South America.

170, 1.

Meneaska.

171, 1. Spanish flies. the south of Europe. raising blisters.

White man.

Battles (1846, 1847)

Brilliant green beetles, common in They are used to make plaster for

177, 1. Rio Grande. A river flowing between Mexico and Texas to the Gulf of Mexico; length 1800 miles. The illness referred to is dysentery, which became chronic with Parkman and which he called "the enemy" in his later writings and conversations.

179, 1. Absinth. Wormwood. It forms the flavoring of a cordial of brandy which is popular with the French.

182, 1. Daguerreotyped. Produced by the daguerreotype process, as a picture. This is one of the earliest processes of photography, the invention of L. J. M. Daguerre of Paris, first used in 1839.

184, 1. Chugwater. A stream that flows north into Laramie Creek.

186, 1. Capuchin friar. One of the monks of the order of St. Francis. Their heads are completely covered with pointed hoods.

2. Irving's Astoria. A work by Washington Irving, giving an account of the expedition sent out from New York by John Jacob Astor, in 1811, to establish a trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River, and of the circumstances that led to its failure. See Introduction, p. 15.

192, 1. Fort Pierre. On the opposite bank of the Missouri from where Pierre, South Dakota, now stands. A journey of this kind is another instance of the dauntless spirit of the pioneers of the West.

211, 1. King Philip, Pontiac, and Tecumseh. Philip, a chief of the Pokanoket Indians of Massachusetts, in 1675 made an alliance with the Narragansett Indians, and began a war on the colonists. He was finally killed at Mt. Hope, R. I. (Aug. 12, 1676). See "Philip of Pokanoket" in Irving's

The Sketch-book. Pontiac, chief of the Ottawa tribe, besieged the fort at Detroit for several months in 1763 but was at length driven away. He did not submit to the English until 1766. Tecumseh, chief of the Shawnee tribe in Ohio, with his brother formed a plan in 1804 to unite all the Western Indians against the whites; but his brother was defeated at the battle of Tippecanoe, and the plan failed.

215, 1. Semper Paratus. Latin for "always ready."

2. Nestor. În Greek legend, King of Pylos. Being the oldest of the Greeks and noted as a soldier, his advice was sought by all the other leaders. This old Indian bore a similar relation to the members of his tribe.

217, 1. Le Borgne. The one-eyed.

218, 1. Impunity. Exemption from punishment.

226, 1. Pommes blanches. Literally white apples, found on the plains from the Saskatchewan to Texas. They yield an edible tuberous root, and are known as prairie-turnips, prairieapples, Cree potatoes, or Missouri bread-root.

227, 1. Salvator Rosa (1615-1673). An Italian painter who, when a young man, even lived with robbers in order to obtain novel subjects for his sketches. His best-known pictures are landscapes.

228, 1. Benjamin West. A noted American portrait painter (1738-1820) who, after settling in London in 1760, painted many famous historical pictures and scenes from the Bible. The Vatican Palace in Rome, which West visited, contains magnificent art galleries, in one of which (the Belvidere) stands the most celebrated statue of Apollo, representing a beautiful youth with long hair in the position of just having discharged an arrow from a bow.

231, 1. Egregious. Remarkable, extraordinary.

232, 1. Pike's Peak. One of the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado, 70 miles south of Denver. It is 14,140 feet high. It was named from its discoverer, General Zebulon M. Pike, who visited it in 1806.

243, 1. Leatherstocking. The chief character in the series of Fenimore Cooper's stories entitled The Leatherstocking Tales.

247, 1. Mount Laramie. The loftiest peak in the range of the Rockies, toward which Parkman was now journeying. 261, 1. Locust. In the United States the harvest fly is improperly called locust.-HARRIS.

264, 1. Mount Auburn. A noted cemetery in Cambridge and Watertown, Massachusetts.

268, 1. Genius loci. Latin for "the genius of the place,"

2. Frascati's. A famous Italian restaurant in London, named for a town in Italy twelve miles southeast of Rome. The Trois Frères Provençaux, or The Tavern of the Three Brothers of Provence, was a well-known eating-place in Paris. They suggest an extreme contrast with Parkman's half-baked bread.

269, 1. Tom Crawford. The proprietor of the Crawford House at the Crawford Notch in the White Mountains, New Hampshire.

290, 1. Et hæc, etc. And perhaps it will be pleasant to remember these hereafter; from the Eneid by Virgil.

294, 1. Taos. Fernandez de Taos, county seat of the mining county of Taos, in the northwestern part of New Mexico.

318, 1. Sancho Panza. The fat little peasant squire of Don Quixote, in the novel of that name by the Spanish author, Cervantes. Sancho was tossed in a blanket because, like his master, he refused to pay his bill at an inn.

319, 1. Frémont's Expedition. An account of surveys made by John C. Frémont, the "Pathfinder," in 1842, of the frontier of the state of Missouri and the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains; and in 1843 of the Great Salt Lake and the Columbia and the Sacramento rivers. See Introduction, P. 17.

324, 1. General Kearney's army. See Chapter XXIV, first paragraph (p. 490). There were many experiences with wolves during the journey down the Arkansas.

335, 1. Bent's Fort. In the southeastern part of Colorado; from this fort the present agricultural county of Bent has grown. In the forties it was a well-known trading-post belonging to the company of Bent and St. Vrain.

2. Howitzer. A short, light cannon; it is intended to throw large projectiles with comparatively small charges.

339, 1. Basilisk. A fabulous serpent. The ancients alleged that its hissing would drive away all other serpents and that its breath and even its look were fatal.

341, 1. If . laughter. A somewhat distorted quotation from The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith. The original reads, “And what the conversation wanted in wit was made up in laughter."

349, 1. Beetling. Hanging or extending out.

351, 1. Assented. Assent means to admit a thing as true; consent means to agree in opinion or sentiment. Which is the correct word here?

358, 1. Witch-hazel rod. A rod of the witch-hazel plant, used by magicians as a charm to discover secrets hidden in the