were to come, we are at once informed that there are many working at present on the provision grounds, or on small farms and gardens, in raising produce for the market, who would work on the plantations if their wages were increased to 1s. 3d. or is. 6d. a-day." Stephen Bourne, for some years a stipendiary magistrate in Jamaica and British Guiana, stated to Lord Palmerston, on a recent occasion, that in Jamaica he had required labourers of all classes, and would have had no difficulty in obtaining ten times the number he had capital to pay. In one instance he had required about an acre of land to be raised in small hills for planting cotton and English potatoes. When he went three days after to see the work, he found that instead of a few hundred or a thousand hills-12,800 had been raade; and his men told him he might have had 300 labourers on the same terms, that is, 1s. 6d. for every hundred hills. He further added- "Not more than 15,000 labourers, continuously employed, were required to make all the sugar at present imported from Jamaica; yet above 300,000 slaves had been paid for at the time of emancipation, and the population had doubtless much increased since that time."

Speaking of the immigration scheme, the Trinidad Sentinel says, "Strip the idea of its borrowed plumage, and what is it? Why, the unmitigated desire to procure abundance of labour in our cane-fields, to increase our artizans, mechanics, and domestics, in that degree, that less may be paid by the wealthy for their comforts and luxuries, while the producers shall be unable to lift more than hand to mouth."

the market as much, or nearly as much coffee, as is produced by the larger properties. And to the credit of our Mount Olivet Church, be it spoken, that their contributions for 1855 and 1856 averaged, in the former year, 248., and in the latter 23s. per member. In that church there is not, we believe, one white man; and the whole of the members are settlers, with little freehold properties on which they raise coffee and provisions-their chief, if not their only means of support. Surely, the existence of such a fact, even if it were the only one of the kind, is enough to put to shame those remarks about the lazy contentment of the black people, with the swinish mess of pumpkin and saccharine juice, into which Mr. Carlyle's credulity betrayed him, so little to his credit.

"Far be it from us to insist, that even the few best people in Jamaica are perfect. We do not wish them to be thought so. We only demand that justice be done. We claim that the mouths of those who speak lies should be stopped. And we entreat the friends of Jesus, and of Ethiopia, not to let their hearts be discouraged, or their hands be weakened, by calumny and misrepresentation. In no case is it more needful for the impartial-the truth-loving-to hear both sides." I am, yours very sincerely, E. W.

Reviews.

negroes:

With regard to the charge, that when his animal wants are supplied, the black man is unwilling to work another stroke, on any reasonable terms, we say, it is simply false. Numbers of industrious black people, indeed, are unwilling to hire their services to Jamaica proprietors, on account of the smallness of the wages. One shilling a-day-in some localities ninepence a-day --is the usual rate; and this is all that an able man can earn by a hard day's work, except at crop time on sugar properties, when, by some hours' extra labour, a few pence more may be earned. This, it must be confessed, is a very slender tie to bind the work-people to the properties. Did they not take time to cultivate their own provision fields, they could not get even food out of their wages. Many find it far more profitable to work their own freeholds; and, in refusing to be at the command of the planter, at his times, and on his terms, when they can do better otherwise, are they not following the path which every white man follows all the world over? Have they not a right to do so? Would they not be fools to act otherwise? What are Britain's rights-what are the rights of the self-styled wiser white man-under leave of Carlyle and others, we ask, to torture and task the African-to compel his service without conciliating his affections, or consulting his pleasure?

"No one can visit and examine, with candour and impartiality, say the Presbyterian stations in the parish of Manchester or Trelawney, without being struck also with the great improvement made, and still in progress, in the houses and habits of many of the people. In the former parish, of which we have seen more, there are many settlements of houses whose external appearance bespeaks undoubted social elevation and improved taste. And as to industry, we have heard it said that the small settlers bring into

Errors of Rome, as taught and enforced in England. By EDWARD MUSCUrr, Author of The History and Power of Ecclesiastical Courts, and The History of Church Laws in England. London: JUDD & GLASS, New Bridge Street, and Gray's Inn Road. Pp. 372. 1857.

THE date at which the above work came into our hands has, we regret to say, precluded our giving that attention to it which the importance of its contents, and our respect for the author, would have induced us to bestow.

The volume is tasteful in its up-getting, and is embellished with a chronological chart. In the Introduction the author observes, "Ephraim induced the whole Jewish commonwealth to transgressions against Jehovah as a lawgiver, and thus entailed captivity and the loss of national independence upon all Israel. Rome, in this her one great (eucharistic) transgression against the authority of Christ, was compelled to cover over her guilt by enforcing principles, the certain results of which were to reduce English monarchs into ecclesiastical serfs, and extort such tributes from their people as to bring about their 'utter undoing?' Ephraim was to stand alone in apostasy-all other tribes, especially Judah, were to withdraw themselves from the contamination, shame, and sorrow. Rome is to be shunned by all Christendom, and for no one thing more than for her sins of the altar. Had these been unopposed, Christianity would have become extinct in England, and the nation carried back to some of the worst principles and forms of pagan superstitions; for it was out of these, and not from even a perverted construction of the phraseology of Scripture, that the eucharistic errors of Rome took their rise, and became engrafted upon the civil and ecclesiastical institutions of England.

"One great object sought to be attained (by the author) is to show the CONTINUOUS history of these errors; for if they are seen in their unfolding form of development they immediately supply their own refutation. The antecedents of each error show the motive, not only of that error as it stands alone, but also the reason of those other errors which become necessary to support the one out of which the more mature errors

were so fashioned as to become the exponents and consolidation.

"The reader is not therefore troubled with argument (in the course of the work), or any formal conflict with the opinions of theologians or schoolmen. These are all embodied in the eucharistic laws: they are the life-giving power of sentiment, come it from whomsoever, or in what form soever it may. As a question of fact, it must be taken as a whole." Pp. C-8.

Believing, from our views of the entire spirituality of the gospel dispensation, that outward and ceremonial rites have no place in the Christian economy, it is chiefly as an evidence of great historical research on the part of the author, that we have felt an interest in going over his pages. To those who sympathize in his views regarding the Eucharist, the volume will prove an especial gratification, interspersed as it is with many lucid and valuable observations, in which most, if not all, will cordially agree.

Many of our readers are aware that George Fox, the founder of the Society of Friends, relates in his journal (vol. i., p. 100, Leeds edition, 1852), that he felt it to be his religious duty to go up and down the streets of Lichfield, crying, "Woe to the bloody city of Lichfield." For his obedience in this respect, he has been by some stigmatized as an "enthusiast," by others a "fanatic," and by others a "fool." He was himself satisfied, however, of the reason for his being led to this act of obedience to Divine requiring, by being subsequently given to understand that, "in the emperor Diocletian's time, a thousand Christians were martyred in Lichfield." He adds, that "ancient records testify how many of the Christian Britons suffered there." The work before us fully confirms this statement; and it is satisfactory to have it in our power to give a quotation relating to this subject:

"A.D. 300. DIOCLETIAN.-Under this Roman emperor commenced the tenth persecution since the reign of Nero, and it was more lasting and bloody than all the others before it, for it was carried on incessantly for the space of ten years (auswering the prophetic declaration of the apostle John, Rev. ii., 10), with burning of churches and the slaughter of martyrs. At length it reached Britain also, and many persons, with the constancy of martyrs, died in the confession of their faith. So extensive were these martyrdoms that Lichfield was called by Ingulphus and Henry of Huntingdon, Lechfeld, or 'field of the dead,' from the traditionary martyrdom of one thousand Christians during the Diocletian persecution." P. 14.

There is another point in the early history of the British churches which engaged our attention, viz., that "facts recorded by the Venerable Bede, if they stood alone, would be sufficient proofs that Christianity had existed in these isles prior to the arrival of Augustine. "He came not so much to convert as to subvert"-a difference this, which, "by all historians and ecclesiasties, ought to be kept distinctly and declaredly apart." P. 16, 17.

After bringing down his history of Altar Sins: or, The Eucharistic Errors of Rome, as taught and enforce l in England, to the time of the house of Brunswick, and the reign of George IV., our author makes an appeal to "EPISCOPALIANS," to "THE EPISCOPAL PEERS OF THE REALM," and to "BRITISH CHRISTIANS," on the means whereby the observance of the Eucharist is to be recovered from the corrupting errors of Rome, and this he defines to be by a return, on the part of the Church of England, to the ritual, as established by Edward VI. This, he says, would bring about "THE ABOLITION OF THE CANON LAW," "THE EXTINCTION OF PENAL CHRISTIANITY," &c.; and "THUS TO RESTORE THE CHURCH WILL BE TO EMANCIPATE CHRISTENDOM!" Were our friend Edward Muscutt

an Episcopalian, we could see some consistency in his advocacy of such a mode of reforming a section of the Christian church, as being, in his view, preliminary to the emancipation of Christendom; but that he, a Congregational minister, should propound such a scheme is beyond our comprehension. Would that he might be favoured to see more clearly the spiritual character of Christ's kingdom; that with the State it cannot possibly have any alliance; that it stands, not in meat and drink, but in "righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Ghost;" for our faith, as Friends, leads us most undoubtingly to believe, that, in proportion as the spirituality of the gospel dispensation becomes more clearly perceived, the more generally will sundry outward observances and ceremonies at present in use in professedly Christian churches be seen to be unobligatory; and that, among others, the conviction will spread that the partaking of outward bread and wine is not an ordinance of Christ, but that the true Supper of the Lord Jesus has a more exalted meaning, as described in the Revelation of John: "Behold, I stand at the door and knock; if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me" (Rev. iii. 20). A Supper this, independent of canon laws and all the trammels of a Stateconnected church, and which, as has been well observed by a member of the Church of England, as it consists of the "hidden manna," may be enjoyed by the spiritually-minded believers in Christ in a variety of ways. "It may be enjoyed by them in pious meditatious on the Divine Being, in which the soul of man has communion with the Spirit of God, so that every meditation may afford it a salutary supper, or a celestial feast. It may be enjoyed by them when they wait upon God in silence, or retire into the Light of the Lord, and receive those Divine impressions which quicken and spiritualize the internal man. It may be enjoyed by them in all their several acts of obedience and regard to the words and doctrines of our Saviour. Thus may men every day, nay, every hour, keep a communion at the Lord's table, or communicate or sup with Christ."

THE ANNUAL MONITOR FOR 1958.

London: A. W. Bennett (successor to W. & F. G. Cash); Bull, Hunton & Co.; Darton & Co.; and E. Marsh. William Simpson and George Hope, York.

FAITHFUL to its appointed time, this little messenger is again going its accustomed rounds, reminding many of the ties severed since its last visit-ties held precious as "the silver cord and the golden bowl." As the contents are of such a nature as scarcely to come within the scope of criticism, we cannot, in giving an idea of the value and importance of the work, do better than quote the Editor's Preface:

Ample materials have again been supplied, by the kind contribution of Friends, for this little Annual.

"It is interesting and encouraging, from year to year, to have brought before us, in the brief memorials which accompany the Obituary, so many evidences of the work of the Spirit in the heart of the young convert, and in the larger experience of the more advanced Christian. Both afford instructive examples of that faith in Christ which 'overcomes the world;' they exhibit the power of that 'godliness which is profitable unto all things, having promise of the life that now is, and that which is to come. Coupled with the records of the primitive church, such instances of Christian piety and devotedness are well calculated to recall the animating language of the apostle: 'Wherefore, seeing we also are compassed about with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience the race that

is set before us, looking unto Jesus, the author and finisher of our faith, who, for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right hand of the throne of God.'

"Led believingly to 'consider Him' who so 'endured,' his humble followers will not 'be wearied or faint in their minds;' but, amidst all the duties and trials of life, they will be cheered by the assurance that 'the God of hope' is able to fill them with all joy and peace in believing, that they may abound in hope, through the power of the Holy Ghost.'

"The memorial of our late dear friend, Samuel Tuke, whose decease took place subsequently to the close of our year, will be dwelt upon with deep interest by the readers of the Annual Monitor. They will remember the part he took in remodelling this little periodical, and how much they owe to him for the instructive tone of the work in the first ten nunbers of the 'New Series.' Deeming it desirable that some record should be preserved of the 'steps in life of Friends well known and esteemed in the Society, he felt at the same time, to use his own words, 'more than willing to give the right place to the character of those steady pilgrims who have walked in their Lord's steps, though they may have been but little known, and have had but few talents.' Far from wishing to limit 'the freedom of Divine mercy at the latest moment of life,' he felt a godly jealousy in connection with these records, 'lest our estimate of Christian attainments should be at all lowered by anything which has a tendency to make the getting to heaven too much a death-bed affair.' Those who are anxious that the Annual Monitor should exercise no other than a healthy influence in the Society will fully appreciate the practical bearing and value of these sentiments, and unite in the desire that they may be steadily kept in view."

ALCOHOL: its Place and Power. By JAMES MILLER, F. R.S.E., F.R.C.S.E, &c., &c. Glasgow: Scottish Temperance League. London: Houlston & Wright, and W. Tweedie.

To the many claims of the Scottish Temperance League on the gratitude of the friends of the Temperance Reformation, another has just been added in the out-bringing of the above highly valuable and interesting work, by Professor Miller.

The Professor was applied to by the League to prepare a treatise on the medical view of the Temperance question, and he very cordially complied with the request, presenting the work as a gift to the League, only stipulating that it should be published at such a price as would bring it within the reach of all classes.

Professor Miller has treated his subject in a lively and thoroughly popular style, which, we cannot doubt, will make the work at once acceptable and useful in promoting the Temperance cause. Want of space, in our present issue, alone prevents our giving some extracts that we had marked. We trust, as the book is so cheap, it will have a large sale; and would recommend our friends to procure it and promote its exten

sive circulation.

"IF God should restore me to health," writes Robert Cecil, during a tedions and dangerous illness (1798), "I have determined to study nothing but the Bible. Literature is inimical to spirituality, if it be not kept under with a firm hand. I have learnt more within these curtains than from all the books I ever read. Should it please God ever to raise me up to preach again, CHRIST shall be my only subject."

5th. MARY ANN, wife of John Hamilton, of Abbott, Sheboygan co., Wisconsin, U. S., a daughter; who was named Maria Louisa.

14th. At Botanic View, Belfast, EMILY, wife of John Chaytor Grubb, a son; who was named Charles. 15th. At Dublin, ELIZA C., wife of Thomas W. Fisher, a daughter; who was named Lydia Maria.

At Neston, Cheshire, DEBORAH, wife of Jacob Glaister, a 20th. At Springfield, in the parish of Maghregall, in the Co. daughter; who was named Sarah Pearson. of Antrim, Ireland, ELIZA JANE, wife of Joseph Richardson, a son; who was named Joseph Robert.

26th. At New Malton, SARAH JANE, wife of Edward Fuller Sewell, a daughter; who was named Esther Dorothy. TWELFTH MONTH, 1857.

8th. At Bombury, ANNE, wife of William Edmunds, junr., of Peckham, a daughter; who was named Annie Maria. 10th. At Saffron-Walden, SOPHIA C., wife of Richard B. Shewell, a son.

12th. At Salford, Manchester, Lucy, wife of William Binns, 16th. At Castle Avenue, Clontarf, co. Dublin, HANNAH ABIGAIL, wife of John Webb, junr., a son. 18th. At Rose Villa, York, CAROLINE, wife of John Briggs, a son; who was named Arthur.

a daughter; who was named Eliza.

son, a son.

20th. At York, HANNAH MARIA, wife of Christopher Robin24th. At Brighton Cottage, Leinster Road, Dublin, MARTHA, wife of Joseph Williams, a son; who was named Charles Edgar.

25th. At Preston, MARY, wife of William Hughes, a son.

ELEVENTH MONTH, 1857.

9th. At Leeds, THOMAS CASH, of Peckham Rye, Surrey, son of the late William Cash, to ROSAMUND ALICE, daughter of the late Henry William Rimmington, of Brackenholme, in the co. of York, and of Mahala, wife of Newman Cash, of Leeds.

11th. At Scarborough, CHARLES JACKSON, of York, to ANN, daughter of John Priestman, of the former place. 12th. At Cork, HEWETSON EDMONDSON, of Cork, son of Joseph Edmondson, of Manchester, to HULDAH, youngest daughter of the late George Beale, of Cork.

22d. At Leicester, AUGUSTUS M. SCHNEIDER, to CATHERINE, TWELFTH MONTH, 1857. second daughter of the late George Stringer, of London.

At his residence in Gough Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, after many years' affliction, EDWARD BAKER, aged 57. At Sheffield, DEBORAH, wife of William Martin Wood, and only daughter of the late James Smith Davy.

11th. At Greenheys, Manchester, after a short illness, aged 61, HANNAU, relict of the late James Thompson, of that city.

13th. JAMES DOYLE, aged about 71, of Tullow, co. Carlow. 14th. At Lancaster, ELLEN DILWORTH, aged 66.

19th. At Doncaster, JAMES WIGHAM, formerly of Garbut
House, Cornwood, Northumberland, in his 86th year.
At his residence, Newhill Hall, near Rotherham, WILLIAM
SQUIRE 'AYNE.

WANTED, a SITUATION in a SHOP, for

a Young Female Friend, aged about 20. Apply G. F. L., at the Editors.

WANTED, in a Friend's Family in Sussex,

as COACHMAN, and to take Care of Cows, a Steady Young Man, to reside in the house. He would be expected to give some attention to the Garden; or, if ignorant of gardening, he would have, instead, to act as Indoors' Man. A Teetotaller would be preferred.

Any Friend knowing of such a man, is requested kindly to communicate the information by post, to J. H., Barcombe House, near Lewes.

bane.

21st. EDMUND GOWER, of Taunton, in his 77th year.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Communications from the following have been receivedH.W.C.: J.A.; S.M.; J.S.S.; J.P.; T.S.; B.M.; E.D.H.;

male (a Friend preferred, but it is not essential), age not exceeding forty, as a CONFIDENTIAL SERVANT, to attend upon a Woman Friend, and her Child, about two years old. Apply to W. W., care of the Editors of The British Friend, Glasgow.

J.S.; W.H.; W.R.; G.S.; W.B.; A.S; W.B S.; H.B.; F.L.; M.G.; J.H C.; J.C.G.; J.E.; G.S.; G.H.; S. W.; P.S.; G.P.; A.W.P.; R.W.; H.S.; J.B.; S.II.; and J.G.

Also, The Moral Almanac-Muskutt's Altar Sins-Professor Miller's Alcohol: its Place and Power-The Hudson's Bay Question-India Reform and Native Rights-James Haughton's Letter to Parents and Teachers of Youth at our Public and Private Schools-and Edinburgh Weekly Herald of 26th ult.

J.B.--Substantially, our views on the subject of his letter of 25th ult. are very much in unison; but probably there may be opportunity, before long, for adverting to the matter at length in our columns, when we hope to notice sundry points to which he has adverted.

Historical Illustrations of Fanaticism, and sundry other articles, unavoidably left over.

ANTED, in the Drapery Business, a Com

WA

School, near Moira, Friends to fill the offices of SUPERINTENDENT and HOUSEKEEPER. Also, Suitable Friends to take charge of the Educational Department in both the Boys' and Girls' School. Application to be made to JAMES N. RICHARDSON, Lissue, Lisburn.

WANTED, to Take Charge of a Friends' Meeting-House and Burial Grounds, an Active, Efficient MAN and his WIFE (Friends), who would have to give

the whole of their time.

as an APPRENTICE.

Apply to J. T. SHEWELL, Darlington.

WANTED, a Clever, Steady ASSISTANT

the Tea Trade.

who has a fair knowledge of French and Drawing, and some knowledge of Latin.

Apply to J. GREEN, Stansted, Essex.
Stansted, 21th of 12th Month, 1857.

A Friend, who has been accustomed to the

Wholesale Corn Trade, both in Buying and Selling, is WANTING EMPLOYMENT. He writes a good hand, can Correspond and Keep Accounts, having had many years' experience. Apply to THOMAS SOUTHALL, Chemist, Birmingham.

& Drapers and Upholsterers, Hemel-Hempstead.

Drapery Trade, by J. F. & J. SPENCE, North Shields.

FRIEND

No. II.

VOL. XVI.

ASHAMED OF JESUS.

For THE BRITISH FRIEND.

"JESUS! and shall it ever be,

A mortal man ashamed of thee?-
Ashamed of thee whom angels praise,
Whose glories shine through endless days?

Ashamed of Jesus! sooner far
Let evening blush to own a star!
Ashamed of Jesus! just as soon
Let midnight be ashamed of noon.

Ashamed of Jesus! that dear Friend
On whom our hopes of heaven depend!
Ashamed of Jesus! yes I may
When I've no guilt to wash away!

No! when I blush be this my shame, That I no more revere His name."

In his second epistle to Timothy, the apostle Paul has this exhortation-" Be not thou ashamed of the testimony of our Lord." The apostle gives no explanation of his meaning in the use of the word testimony; but whatever he may have intended, there will probably be no dispute as to its bearing this construction, viz.-that Timothy was not to be ashamed of the faith in Christ, or of making open profession of his name. The apostle immediately adds, "Nor of me, his prisoner;" from which it is very evident that he thought Timothy could not be ashamed of the testimony or profession of the Christian faith, without being also ashamed of Paul, as the prisoner on account of that faith.

The fear of man, as appears from Scripture and other historical records, would seem to have exerted a very powerful influence in all ages of the world. Perhaps at no period was this feeling in stronger manifestation, than during the sojourn of the Holy Redeemer upon earth. Not a few appear to have been prevented from believing on Him, or, rather, it may be, from openly confessing themselves His disciples, because of their fear of the Jews, and lest they should be put out of the synagogue. Among this number may be classed NICODEM US-he that came to Jesus by night, when he thought himself likely to escape recognition. JOSEPH of ARIMATHEA is styled a disciple of Jesus, but "secretly for fear of the Jews." A still more striking example of being thus ashamed, presents itself in the

case of PETER, in his threefold denial of his Lord. Are there not, alas, too many Josephs and Nicodemuses, even in the present day!

Under the dispensation of the law, the fear here spoken of is not unfrequently deprecated by the inspired servants of the Most High. "The fear of man bringeth a snare," saith one; and it is the indignant query of another, "Who art thou, that thou shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die, and of the son of man, which shall be made as grass?" And yet, notwithstanding all the denunciation with which this "fear" is visited in Scripture, it cannot be said in truth that its effects are only and always evil. It would be difficult to determine to what extent, in all ages, men have been deterred from the commission of crime by regard to this fear of their fellow-men. Not that being thus prevented from the breach of the law can be construed into that true obedience and keeping of the law, which are acceptable in the Divine sight; still it may justly be considered for the good of society, that law should be respected, though not proceeding from the proper motive. Paul affirms that "the law is made for the lawless." The welfare of even this class is promoted by the law being observed, not less than the comfort of those who are a law unto themselves." The same apostle, speaking of the various motives which induced some "to preach Christ," rejoiced in the fact that he was preached, whether in pretence or in truth; and so, in regard to that obedience to the law, we may rejoice in such obedience, imperfect though it be.

In the history of the church it is refreshing to find that there have been periods when "the fear of man" exerted comparatively little influence; as when the apostle says, "The time would fail me to tell of Gedeon, and of Barak, and of Samson, and of Jephtha; of David also, and Samuel, and of the prophets." Passing over the intervening periods till we come to the time of the Protestant Reformation, a disregard for "the fear of man" was exhibited on a large scale. That was a very striking testimony which, in this respect, was borne to the character of the chief of Scottish reformers-John Knox-at his interment. A part of the eulogium pronounced upon him was to this effect-" Here lies one who never feared the face of man."