[*See a restric-ing lands under grants of different states, and between tion of this proa state or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citivision, amend. ments, art. 11.] zens, or subjects.* 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public Original and appellate juris- ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall diction of the be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurissupreme court. diction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Trial of crimes &c. supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of imto be by jury, peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the congress may by law have directed. Definition of treason.. Congress to de clare the pun SECTION 3. 1. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no attainder of treason ishment of trea- shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. son, &c. ARTICLE 4. Credit to be given in one to the public acts, state to the pub SECTION 1. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given, in each state, records, and judicial proceedings of And the congress may, by general manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect thereof. lic acts, &c. of every other state.* another, &c. laws, prescribe the Reciprocity of citizenship throughout the states. SECTION 2. 1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be Criminals fly found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive ing from one state to another, authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered to be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the up on demand. crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in con * 4 C. R. 380. slaves, &c. to be sequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged Runaway from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up, delivered up. on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. SECTION 3. be admitted into the union, &C. 1. New states may be admitted by the congress into New states may this union; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the congress. have power 2. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and Congress to make all needful rules and regulations respecting the over territory, territory or other property belonging to the United &c. Claims of States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so con- the states, &C. not to be prejustrued as to prejudice any claims of the United States, diced. or of any particular state. SECTION 4. 1. The United States shall guaranty to every state Republican in this union a republican form of government, and form of governshall protect each of them against invasion; and, on ment guaranapplication of the legislature, or of the executive, (when state, &c. the legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic violence. ARTICLE 5. teed to each tution. 1. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses Mode of amending this constishall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution; or, on the application, of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of threefourths of the several states, or by conventions in threefourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress; provided, that no amendment, which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall, in any manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of, the first article: and that no state, without its consent, i, sec. 3, clause [*See ante, art. shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate.* 1.] ARTICLE 6. Assumption of debts incurred 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered under the coninto, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as federation. This constitution, acts of treaties, the su valid against the United States under this constitution, as under the confederation. 2. This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and congress, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the preme law, &c. authority of the United States, shall be the supreme The state judg. law of the land; and the judges in every state shall es bound there- be bound thereby; any thing in the constitution, or by. laws of any state, to the contrary notwithstanding. or affirmation, Senators, repre3. The senators and representatives before mentionsentatives, &c. ed, and the members of the several state legislatures, bound by oath, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the Unito support this ted States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath, or affirmation, to support this constitution: but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under the United States. constitution. No religious lest. ARTICLE 7. Ratification of 1. The ratification of the conventions of nine states nine states suf- shall be sufficient for the establishment of this constificient, &c. tution between the states so ratifying the same. Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven, and of the independence of the United States of America, the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, and deputy from Virginia. NEW HAMPSHIRE. John Langdon, MASSACHUSETTS. Nathaniel Gorham, CONNECTICUT. William Sam'l. Johnson, Roger Sherman. NEW-YORK. Alexander Hamilton. NEW-JERSEY. William Livingston, PENNSYLVANIA. Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, Governeur Morris. DELAWARE. George Read, Gunning Bedford, jun. MARYLAND. James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Tho. Jenifer, Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- Congress proment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; hibited from interfering with or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or religion, with the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to freedom of petition the government for a redress of grievances. ARTICLE 2. speech, of the press, and the right of petition A well regulated militia being necessary to the secu- Right of the rity of a free state, the right of the people to keep and people to keep bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE 3. and bear arms, &C. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in No soldier to be any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time quartered in aof war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE 4. ny house, dur. ing peace, without consent, &c. No searchwar The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search-rant to issue, es and seisures, shall not be violated; and no warrants able cause, oath, except on probshall issue, but upon probable cause; supported by oath &C. or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE 5. for a crime, un ex No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or oth- No person to be erwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or in- held to answer dictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the less on presentland or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual ment, &c. service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any cept in the land person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put nor to answer in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in for the same of criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be fence twice, &c. any or naval forces, Assurance of &c. in criminal prosecutions. deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just' compensation. ARTICLE 6. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy speedy and pub- the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial lic trial by jury; jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Right of trial ARTICLE 7. In suits at common law, where the value in controby jury in suits at common law, versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by above the value jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall of 20 dollars, be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. &C. Excessive bail ARTICLE 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive and unjust and fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments incruel punishments prohibit. flicted. ed. ARTICLE 9. Rights enumer. The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights, ated, not to dis- shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. parage those retained. Powers not del ARTICLE 10. The powers not delegated to the United States by egated, &c. are the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are states or people. reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. reserved to the See ante. art. ARTICLE 11. Restriction of The judicial power of the United States shall not be judicial powers. construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com3, sec. 2, clause menced or prosecuted against one of the United States, 1.] by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. ARTICLE 12. Actual mode of electing the 1. The electors shall meet in their respective states, president and and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one vice-president of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots of the United States. |