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presumption against party making presumption of extinguishment of, 138.

them subsequently, 207.

Estoppels,

useful when restrained within proper
limits, 23.

Evasion of justice,

presumption of guilt from, 320-324.
Evasive answers,

presumption of guilt from, 318.
Evidence,

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Felony,

who incapable of committing, 20, 171,
242.
Feoffment, 75.
Fictions, 24-28.

definition of, 24.

must not prejudice innocent parties, 25.
must have a possible subject-matter, 26.
affirmative, 26.

negative, 27.
by relation, 27.
to persons, 27.
to things, 27.
to place, 27.
to time, 28.
Fine, 25, 55, 79.

exclusionary, rules of, 33, 34.

artificial, 34, 35.

may be presumed, 145.

Fish,

right to take, 240.

destruction or fabrication of instru- Fishery,

ments of, 204-210.

in criminal cases, 246-344.

Exclusionary rules of evidence, 33.

Executor,

de son tort, 19.

title of, by relation, 28.

taking surplus, 56.

evidence of appointment of, 77.

presumable from lapse of time, 145.

Extrajudicial acts,

presumptions in favour of, 81-86.
Extrajudicial confessions,

admissibility of, 328.

force and effect of, 330.

Extrajudicial non-responsion, 317.

Fabrication

of circumstances, 282-285.

right to several, 242.

Footmarks,

presumption arising from, 41.

Foreign marriage,

presumption in favour of, 236.
Forgery.

presumption of intent to defraud from
act of forging, 176.

of real evidence, 299-309.

(See Spoliator.)

Fraud, 21.

presumptions against, 29, 69, 236.

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Impropriation,

presumption of, 107, 108.
Inclosure,

presumption of license for, 143.
Inclosure acts,

roads under, 241.
Inclusive presumptions, 20, 28.
Independent sovereign,
acts done by, 236, 237.
Induction,

presumption of, 146.

Infancy,

not presumed, 29.
Infant,

under seven, conclusively presumed
incapable of committing felony, 20,
171, 250.

under fourteen, males conclusively pre-
sumed incapable of sexual inter-
course, 22, 171, 250.

under fourteen, males presumed inca-

pable of consenting to marriage, 171.
so females under twelve, 171.
between seven and fourteen taken pri-
ma facie to be doli incapaces, 171.
in ventra sa mere, 26.
Innocence,

presumption of 18, 29.
favoured in law, 54, 58.

may be encountered by stronger pre-
sumption, 54, 58.

Inrolment of deed,

when presumable, 85, 148.

Insanity,

presumption against, 29, 57, 170, 177,
186.

continuance of, presumed, 186.
presumption of danger from, 187.
how proved, 212.
Insurance,
on lives, 66.

on ships, 237, 239.
Intemperance,

no presumption against, 66.
Intention,

every person presumed to intend the
natural consequences of his acts,
176, 177.

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Issue-continued.

Letters-patent, presumption of, 145.

presúmption of capability of having, Libel,
170.

Judges,

presumed to do nothing maliciously, 68.
Judgment,

a faculty of the mind, 1-3.
Judgments,

presumed to be well founded, 68.
and to be given in in invitum, 243.
in rem, 34.
Judicial acts,

presumptions in favour of, 78-81
Judicial confessions, 327.
force and effect of, 328.
Jurisdiction, 81.

Juris et de jure, (præsumptio), 20.
Juris, (præsumptio), 20-29.
Jurors,

presumed to do nothing maliciously, 68.
belief of, in presumptions made in fa-
vour of enjoyment, 168, 169.

in criminnal cases. (See New
Trials.)
Justices of the peace. (See Magistrates.)

Knowledge,

a faculty of the mind, 1, 2.
presumptions of, 180.

Landlord and tenant,

presumption of malice from publica-
tion of, 55, 176.

publication by servant, in a shop, evi-
dence against the master, 55, 184.
evidence of office held by party libelled,
186.

License, presumption of, 142–144.
to inclose, 143.

from the crown, 144.

to enter house, 143.

to alehouses, within University of Cam-
bridge, 95.

to theatre, 65.

Life,

continuance of, presumed, 190.
(See Death, Survivor.)
Light or rash presumptions, 37. 39.
Lights,

prescriptive right to, at common law,

89.

by lost grant, 102.

under 2 & 3 Will. 4, c. 71; 121. 129.
Limitations, statute of, 105. 188.

whether legal rights of trustees are
affected by, 154.

Livery of seisin, 27.

when presumed, 75.

Loan,

presumption against, 57. 176.

presumptions relating to, 33, 179.
encroachments by tenant, 243.

Local act,

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Larceny,

proof of corpus delicti in cases of, 270,
330-332.

Lunacy,

presumption of, from the possession of presumption against, 67. 170.

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pooof and evidence in general not ap- presumption of,

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Party-wall,

presumption of right to, 241.
Payment,

presumption of, from receipt, 19. 43.
debt presumed to be due, 32.

advance of money, evidence presump-
tive of, 176, 204.
proof of, 37. 187.

presumption of, from lapse of time, 187
-189.

3 & 4 Will. 4, c. 42, s. 3; 188.
presumption of, from circumstances,
188, 189.
Peace-officers,

presumption of appointment of, 76.
Persons in employment of the post-office,
presumption of appointment of, 76.
Pews,

prescriptive right to, 110-114.
Physical presumptions from the course
of nature, 170-175.

Pleading,

prescriptive and other rights under 2
& 3 Will. 4, c. 71. 122 et seq.
Possession

of stolen goods, presumptive evidence
of larceny, 304-309.

Possession and user,

presumptions from, 87-169.
favoured in law, 87.

possession prima facie evidence of pro-
perty, 87.

length of enjoyment, 87.

division of the subject, 88.

1. Prescription at common law, and as
affected by 2 & 3 Will. 4, cc. 71
and 100; 88-133.
difference between custom and pre-
scription, 90.

mode of pleading prescription at
common law, 90.

requisites of a prescriptive right, 90,
91.

stat. 32 Hen. 8, c. 2, and 21 Jac. 1,
c. 16; 91.
interruption, 91, 92.

evidence of prescription from modern
user, 92-95.

general evidence of prescriptive

claim not defeated by partial varia-
tions in the exercise of the right,
95-100.

user for a shorter period evidence
when coupled with other circum-
stances, 100.

presumption of prescriptive right,
how rebutted, 100-102.

title by non-existing grant, 102-5.
conflicting evidence, 105, 106.
presumption of grant from crown,
107-109.

presumptions in derogation of public
rights, 109, 110.

prescriptive right to pews, 110-114.
is either possessory or absolute,
111.

possessory, 111, 112.

right to pews as against ordinary,
113, 114.
repairs, 114.

stats. 2 & 3 Will. 4, cc. 71 and 100;
114-133.

inconveniences of the old law, 114
-116.

the stat. 2 & 3 Will. 4, c. 71;
116-130.

rights of common and other
profits à prendre, 117.
easements in general, 118–121.
lights, 121.

mode of proof-enjoyment, in-
terruption, 121.

mode of pleading under the sta-
tute, 122-130.

2 & 3 Will. 4, c. 100; 130–133.
2. Cases not within prescription acts,
133. 144.

dedication of highways, 133-137.
user must be with consent of owner
of fee, 135-137.

presumption of extinction of rights
by non-user,

137-141.

non-payment of quit-rent, 138.
easements, 138. 141.

continuous, 139.

intermittent, 140, 141.

licenses, 142-144.

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