United States than in England, because we have one year imported English wheat! And the argument would be just as candid.

He appeals to M'Culloch and to M'Culloch we will go, and demonstrate that he has either blundered through M'Culloch's volumes without, learning his opinions or his facts, or that he has entered into a base attempt to deceive his reader, appealing to M'Culloch only to give currency to his own deceptions. I well know the ground I am standing on, and to my statistics I invite the severest criticism. In M'Culloch's Commercial Dictionary, Vol. I. p. 505-15, will be found the facts I give below. In order to ascertain with any accuracy the effect of the Corn Laws in raising the price of food, and to learn the comparative price of grain in Great Britain and foreign countries, we must find out its average cost in the great corn markets of England and of Europe since 1815, when the Corn Law was first enacted. Such an estimate accurately made out cannot mislead us.

The average price of wheat in London, from 1815 to 1836, twenty-one years, was 62s. 84d. per quarter. Since then, as "Libertas" acknowledges; it has averaged much higher; all kinds of grain in London being, in consequence of short crops, at starvation prices. Now let us inquire the price of wheat in the other great corn marts, during the same period.

M'Culloch states that the price of wheat at Dantzic, for ten years, ending with 1831, (which

are the only years for which he gives complete returns,) was 33s. 5d. per quarter, or 29s. 3d. less than the price in London. The price in Hamburgh, during the same period, was 26s. 6d. or a considerable less than half its price in London. The price in AMSTERDAM, during the same period, was 31s. 4 d. or half the price in London. The price in ODESSA, for four years, ending with January 1825, was only 18s. 3 d., and since then M'Culloch states that it has been even below that sum-averaging not more than 16s. or only a trifle more than a quarter its price in London. The price in NEW-YORK, during the same period, at from 37s. to 40s.-say 38s. 10d. Sir Robert Peel says its price, during the ten years embraced in one estimate, was only 33s. 11d. or only a little more than half the price in London.

From this review of prices, at these four great corn markets on the continent and in New-York, for ten years, we find the average price of wheat has been only 29s. 3d., while it has been at London, during the same ten years, 61s. 83d. (see Com. Dic. 1 Vol. p. 517) or more than double the price. These are the most complete tables M'Culloch gives. By extending the calculation so as to embrace a greater number of corn markets, and by bringing the calculation down to 1842, which I should be enabled to do by referring to reports recently presented to Parliament, I could show that a greater difference has existed during the last ten years, between the price of wheat in Lon

don and in other countries, than existed during the previous ten years. But since "Libertas" appealed to M'Culloch, I will confine myself to his calculations.

Now to ascertain how much more the Englishman pays for his wheat than he would if the trade in corn were left free, we must consider several things briefly.

1. The cost of transporting wheat to England from these great markets abroad. M'Culloch estimates that 10s. will cover all the expense of delivering wheat from Dantzic, Amsterdam, Hamburgh and the United States, in London, and from 16s. to 19s. say 17s. 6d.-from Odessa. The average cost of the transportation then of foreign wheat to London, is 11s. 10d. The following is the result.

S. d.

Average price of Wheat in London, per quarter, 61 8 for 10 years, ending 1831,

Average price of Continental and Amer

ican Wheat during the same period 29s. 3d.

Cost of Importing to London

Total Cost in London

11 101

41 11

Extract this from the price of London Wheat, 20 7

and it leaves a balance of

}

It follows then that every quarter of wheat consumed in England, for ten years ending 1831, cost 20s. 7 d. more than it otherwise would, solely in consequence of the exclusion of foreign grain, by the corn laws!!

2. The next important inquiry is this-how does foreign wheat compare in quality, and consequently in value with English wheat; M'Culloch is still our authority. By reference to his Com. Dic. vol. 1. p. 504, will be found a table of the current prices of English and Foreign wheat, in London the 7th Oct. 1833; and by striking the averages, it will be seen Foreign wheat of all descriptions from fifteen continental ports, averaged 4d. more a quarter, than the average price of all descriptions of British wheat. This then settles the question about the comparative value of Foreign and English wheat. If Foreign wheat commands a higher price in London than English wheat, it is better. But the difference is trifling. Only it should be remarked, that at the time this table was made out there was no American wheat in market, which would have made the average price of Foreign wheat greater; for it is generally conceded that American wheat is superior to the best English, and indeed better than that of almost any other nation.

Now by ascertaining the amount of wheat annually consumed in the United Kingdom, we shall ascertain the tax which the landlords of England have laid upon the people, for the single article of wheat. "Libertas" estimates the wheat annually consumed at 30,000,000 quarters, and the estimate is probably correct. Conclusion.

Tax upon one quarter of wheat by Corn Laws, 20s. 74d. Tax upon 30,000,000 quarters £30,906,250

We have then proved from M'Culloch's statistics that the prodigious sum of £30,690,250 sterling is paid for their wheat every year by the British people, more than they would be obliged to pay if it were not for the infamous corn laws!

But we have not yet seen how tremendous is the bread-tax in England; for we have yet only estimated the effect of the corn laws in raising the price of wheat. But it should be remembered that these wicked laws extend to all grains, and raise the price of every thing that can be made into bread, in the same proportion as they raise the price of Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats, IndianCorn, Beans, Peas, Potatoes &c., all are required to pay heavy duties.—M'Culloch, Sidney Smith, Dr. Bowring, and indeed all others whose opinions I am familiar with, suppose that all other grains, (except wheat,) consumed in Britain, amount in value to about as much as the entire quantity of wheat. From M'Culloch's tables, it appears that these grains are all as much cheaper abroad compared with their price in England, as wheat is, and hence it follows conclusively that the increased price they bear in England solely in consequence of the corn laws, brings an additional tax half as great as is imposed upon wheat!

I have gone to M'Culloch, and made good my words. In my first work, I said the bread tax was $300,000,000 a year. I proved it at the time by good authorities. I have now