accountability achieve action apply approach argued Aristotle assessment autonomy behaviour benefits carer chapter clients clinical competence concerned corporate debate demands deontological ethics dilemmas discussion Divine command theories doctors duty duty of care emphasis ensure ethical decision-making ethical policy euthanasia evaluation example exercise focus fundamental goals groups health professionals health services healthcare hospital human rights improvement individual institutions involved issues judgement justice kind London means mental health moral agent moral community moral principles moral relativism moral theory National Health Service nature nursing ethics Nursing Process one’s organisation outcomes particular patients philosophers political practitioners problems protect rational recognise registered nurses relate relevant responsibility role rules situation situation ethics skills social society specific staff stakeholders standards strategic planning treatment values virtue virtue ethics