helping to raise the structure of knowledge in the child's mind you may easily commit as fatal errors as can be committed by the physician or statesman, if you abandon the part of humble, subordinate co-operation with nature, and attempt to control it. It is beyond your power to implant a faculty in a child's mind, but you may, and often do, obliterate faculties. You cannot instil one single incentive to exertion, but you do habitually weaken and crush many. I will give you examples. The man untaught by you, but taught by God, has an ear trained to catch sounds and imitate them; the man trained by you has often his sense of hearing so far obliterated that he is unable to catch the sound by the appointed organ-the ear; he can only catch it through his reason when it is spelt to him, and so it is that God's gift is impaired by man's interference. In the same way we find senior wranglers and first class men moving about the world who can neither see with their eyes nor hear with their ears, who can only collect from books that which others, by the use of natural faculties, collect more vividly, more usefully, for themselves.

"With regard to the motives for exertion which God has given us, we find still greater mischiefs worked by human meddling. We are sent into this world to deal with men and nature. It is for these active purposes that the natural man seeks knowledge. He is induced to acquire by the desire of using what he has acquired. How often, on the contrary, do we find wretched beings turned out into life who, like misers, have transferred to the means that desire which was intended for the end, who treasure up their knowledge as misers treasure up their money, to gloat over it with a diseased craving, but have lost the heart to use it! Such errors as these in the work of education arise from a neglect of God's ways. We presume, in the pride and arrogance of a bygone age, to mould minds after our fashion, and we only distort them. Let us, then, put on a more humble and a more Christian spirit; let us study the successive developments of the several incentives to exertion, the order in which the faculties unfold their strength-let us preserve each and all in their appointed proportions; so shall we produce a wellbalanced, well-conditioned mind, combined with a healthy character.

"I am, gentlemen, your faithful servant,

"ASHBURTON."

NOTES AND QUERIES RELATIVE TO THE REIGN OF HENRY VII. (Continued from page 64.)

NOTES.

Henry VII's Pacific Disposition.

40. Henry, by prudence and good management, studied to render the nation flourishing and powerful; he tried, too, by his gentle behaviour, to pacify those whose minds had long been harassed by disturbances and rebellions.-Bp. Davys.

Irish War-Cries.

[Notes 1, 25, 42.]

41. The early history of Kildare is chiefly occupied with the feuds of the family of Ormonde against the houses of Desmond and Kildare, which led to the abolition of their respective war-cries of Butleraboo and Cromaboo by act of parliament, in 1494.-Penny Cyc.

Policy of Henry VII.

[Notes 1, 33.]

42. His constant policy was to depress the chief nobles, and to elevate the clergy, lawyers, and men of new families, as most likely to be dependent on him.-Chambers.

[Note 1.]

43. King's College was founded, in 1494, by King James the Fourth, who obtained a bull from the Pope for that purpose. Ten years after a college was founded within the university by Bishop Elphinstone; and, by a subsequent bull, the power was granted of conferring degrees in all the faculties.-Penny Cyc.

The most remarkable institution in old Aberdeen is King's College. -Ibid.

Parliaments of Henry VII.

[Notes 45, 4 6.]

44. There were eight parliaments in his reign: in his first there were only twenty-eight temporal peers; the House of Commons consisted of 298 members. Until the reign of Henry VII. charters and statutes were written either in Latin or French.-B. C.

Glasgow an Archbishopric.

45. The Bishop of Glasgow obtained the title of Archbishop, and had three bishops placed as suffragans under him, in 1491.-M. R.

Death of Pope Alexander VI.

[Note 43.]

46. Pope Alexander VI. had four sons and a daughter, and he desired to re-establish the Roman empire in his son, Cæsar Borgia. Wishing to poison some cardinals at a feast, a bottle of poisoned wine was confided

to an attendant; but, by mistake, he gave some to the Pope, who died in consequence, in 1503.-Sir Richard Phillips.

Guildhall, London.

[Note 43.]

47. Seven statues were given to fill the vacant niches of a porchway, and a kitchen added, in 1501, "by procurement of Sir John Sha, goldsmith, mayor, who was the first that kept his feast there."-Hand-book of London.

Woollen Manufacture.

48. The staple manufacture of this country is woollen cloth. England abounds in fine pastures and extensive downs, which feed great numbers of sheep; hence our wool has ever been a valuable article of trade, but we did not always know how to work it. We used to sell it to the Flemish or Lombards, who wrought it into cloth; till, in the year 1326, Edward III. invited some Flemish weavers over to teach us the art; but there was not much made in England till the reign of Henry VII.-Aikin.

Opinion of Henry VII.'s Character.

49. No personage in history of so much understanding and courage is so near being despised.-Sir James Mackintosh.

Henry VII's Claim.

50. He could derive no title from John of Gaunt for two reasons; first, because there were descendants from John of Gaunt, by his former wife, then remaining; secondly, because Katherine Swinford was not married to John of Gaunt when she had John Earl of Somerset by him, but his former duchess was then living. Nor did that act of parliament, which legitimated John of Gaunt's issue by Katherine Swinford, make them capable of inheriting the crown; but only gave them a capacity of inheriting any private estate descending to them from their ancestors. -British Chronologis t.

Discovery of Brazil.

51. Brazil was discovered by Pedro Alvares de Cabral, a Portuguese navigator, on the 3rd of May, 1500. He landed at Porto Segura (16, S. lat.), and took formal possession of the country, calling it Tierra de Santa Cruz (Land of the Holy Ghost). "Brazil" is derived from Braza (Port), a burning coal.” The country is so named from the red wood indigenous to it.-A.McS.

66

Henry VII's Biographer.

52. The history of Henry VII. has been written by Sir Francis Bacon. He has entered, as it were, into all his councils, has largely described everything of importance, and dwelt upon nothing trivial.-Dr. Priestley.

ANSWERS TO NOTES AND QUERIES.

Received. X. L.-Matilda-Z. Z.-Amy-John B.-An Assistant-A SchoolmasterJosephine-Charlotte T.-Mary Ann B-s.-Eliza W.-A Bristolian, &c. &c.

ANSWERS TO QUERIES, PAGE 64, FEBRUARY NUMBER OF
"THE GOVERNESS."

To the Editor of "THE GOVERNESS."

SIR,-I trust the accompanying answers to Queries 5 and 6 in your February number will meet your approval; if so, you will insert them with the signature “Eva.” I shall feel obliged by information from yourself, or some of your correspondents, respecting Lord Stanley, who is twice referred to, on page 55, as the father-in-law of Henry VII. As Henry married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV. (thus uniting the rival houses), I am at a loss to understand how he is said to be son-in-law to Lord Stanley.

[Our esteemed correspondent has herself answered her inquiry. Margaret Beaufort was Henry VII.'s mother, and at the time of the battle of Bosworth Field she had, a third time, become a wife. It would be better to call Lord Stanley Henry's step-father.-ED. Gov.]

No. 5. Henry, Earl of Richmond, was son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, and Margaret, great granddaughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, third son of Edward III.; or, tabular :—

Edward III.
3rd son

John of Gaunt

John Beaufort

John, Duke of Somerset,

1 Margaret

married

Edmund Tudor

1 Henry VII.

No. 6. Catharine or Katherine of France, daughter of Charles VI., married Henry V. of England. After his death she married Owen Tudor, a Welsh gentleman, by whom she had two sons*-Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, and Edmund, Earl of Richmond. The latter married Margaret, a lineal descendant of John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, and became the father of Henry, afterwards Henry VII.; or, tabular:

* Katherine had three sons by Owen Tudor.-ED. Gov.

Children of Henry VII. by his Queen, Elizabeth of York.

born 20th September, 1486; died 2nd April, 1501.

?

1. Arthur,

1539.

THE MOTHER OF KING GEORGE III.

THE mother of king George III. was Auguste, daughter of Duke Frederick II. of Saxe Gotha. In her seventeenth year she married Frederick Prince of Wales, who, on the 21st of March, 1751, died from the effect of a blow from a cricket ball: she survived the prince 21 years. Whatever may be said respecting her inefficiency as the guardian of a prince who was destined to become the monarch of a mighty and increasing empire, there can be but little doubt that the sound principles of morality which shone so conspicuously in the character of George III. were attributable to maternal influence.

In the twelfth year of the reign of George III. his mother died; in her last interview with the king, she wrung his hand very hard, and in words to the following effect took her leave of him :-" My dear son,—

EVA.