cent structures, from the skin to the parts lying beneath the artery, the subject being supposed to be placed on the back; enumerate the branches given off from the trunk in this part of its course, and the inosculations by which, after ligature of the external iliac artery, the circulation is maintained in the corresponding limb. State your opinion in what part of the course of the femoral artery the vessel might be compressed, by pressure on the skin, with most effect and least inconvenience.

8. When the mylo-hyoid muscle has been separated from the under jaw, and turned downwards and forwards, what parts are brought into view, and how are they related to each other?

9. State in what respect the fifth pair of nerves resembles an ordinary spinal nerve, and enumerate the organs to which its sentient, and those to which its motor filaments are distributed.

10. Which are the refracting media of the eye, and what are their relative positions and functions? Describe the structure and position of the iris, its vessels and nerves; state its function, and what portion of the nervous system seems to preside more immediately over its movements.

11. Describe the structure, form, and situation of the membraneous labyrinth of the ear, and the origin, course, connexions, aud distribution of the auditory nerve.

12. Supposing that the brain, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata have been removed from the skull, and that a section of them has been made in the middle line, from the anterior part of the mass to the posterior extremity of the medulla oblongata, mention, in their order from behind forwards, the various parts to which names have been given by anatomists, now appearing on the large surface so formed.

PHYSIOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY,

DR. CARLILE.

1. Compare, in their general characters, the stomachs of a granivorous bird, a ruminant, and man; describe the process of digestion in man, specifying briefly the successive steps of its progress, and stating the changes which are produced in the alimentary mass by the various fluids and surfaces with which it is brought into contact, in its course from the upper to the lower orifice of the alimentary canal. State what is the object of those changes; and mention to what extent the process is interfered with by cutting or tying one or both pneumo-gastric nerves.

2. Describe the function of respiration, distinguishing it as performed by an animal breathing in air and one breathing in water, as in the human subject and a fish. State the changes in the blood accomplished by respiration; the parts of the respiratory organ in which they take place; the manner of their production, and the object for which they are effected. Explain by what means the movements of the respiratory muscles are maintained, independently of volition or consciousness; and say what are the effects on the circulation, and on the nervous power, of the partial or total suspension of this function.

3. Mention the number of cavities respectively in the hearts of fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammalia. State the forces by which the blood is caused to move in the arteries and in the veins, and explain the circumstance, that the arteries are generally found empty, and the veins full, soon after death. Describe the normal motions and sounds of the heart in man, and say with which motions the sounds are immediately associated, and how they are produced.

4. What is the general structure of mucous membrane, and what purposes does its epithelium serve?

centres;

5. Describe the functions of the nervous system, distinguishing those of nerves properly so called from those of the nervous and specifying, as far as you know, the various properties belonging to different kinds of nerves. State your opinion of the functions of the system of nerves called "The Sympathetic." Give a few examples, in health and in disease, of the relation existing between vascularity and sensibility in the same parts.

CHEMISTRY, DR. APJOHN.

1. Write the rational formulæ for oil of vitriol, viewing it first as an oxacid, and then as a hydracid, and explain on both hypotheses its action on chloride of sodium, and on zinc.

2. What are the two methods of obtaining oxygen from pyrolusite, and what is the maximum volume of gas which each would yield, assuming the mineral to be pure, and that in both cases an ounce is operated upon?

N.B.-S. G. of oxygen = 1·1056.

3. Express in symbols the action of nitric acid on copper, and of the same acid on green vitriol, on the hypothesis, that the gas developed in both cases is nitric oxide.

4. Explain the successive steps of the process for converting

the sulphate of barytes into the chloride of barium, and account for the yellowish white precipitate which generally appears upon the addition of the muriatic acid.

5. Represent in symbols the reactions which occur in preparing hydrocyanic acid, according to the formula of the Dublin Pharmacopoeia, and explain the method usually adopted for determining the strength of the product.

6. Describe and explain the process of the Dublin Pharmacopœia for preparing the pulvis antimonialis.

7. Give an explanation in symbols of the reaction of muriatic acid on peroxide of manganese, and of same acid on the bichromate of potash; with a view, in each instance, to the developement of chlorine.

8. What are the so-called proteinic compounds, and how would you insulate proteine?

9. In what manner would you separate urea from urine; how would you form it artificially, and, when urine putrefies, what is the product into which its urea is resolved?

10. What are the physical and chemical differences between inspired and expired air?

11. Explain the process by which chlorate may be converted into iodate of potash.

12. The strength of hydrocyanic acid is best obtained by rendering it alkaline by the addition of caustic soda, or potash, and then dropping into it from a graduated tube a standard solution of nitrate of silver. Explain the further details, and the theory

of this method.

13. How is the ferrid-cyanide of potassium prepared; what is its rational formula, and how may it be used as an oxidating agent?

14. If a quart of diabetic urine yields by fermentation and distillation half an imperial ounce by measure of absolute alcohol, how much glucose does it include?

15. Write the formulæ of the ethylic, methylic, and amylic alcohols, and of the acids into which each admits of being converted by oxidation.

ELECTRICITY.

1. An excited conductor, when brought into the vicinity of very light bodies in the neutral state, will permanently attract some, and will repel others, after having first attracted them; what is the explanation of this difference of action ?

2. How would you charge an insulated conductor positively, without subjecting it to friction, or bringing it in contact with a body in a state of electrical excitement?

3. To charge a jar, one of its surfaces, and to work a machine, one of its conductors, must be uninsulated; why is this the case? 4. Describe the electrophorus, and explain the theory of the instrument.

5. What are the essential elements of a galvanic combination in its simplest form, and what is the general rule for the direction of the current.

6. State the conditions of electrolysis.

7. What are the different results presented by sulphate of soda and sulphate of copper when subjected to galvanic analysis, and how are these accounted for?

8. What is the arrangement by which, during the electrolysis of a salt of copper or silver, the quantity of it in solution may be maintained constant ?

9. Explain the differences between the sine and tangent galvanometers, and the theory of each.

10. How do you show, on the principles of Ohm, that the resistance of the interpolar being negligible, the quantity of electricity which circulates is independent of the number of couples?

Ꮋ Ꭼ Ꭺ Ꭲ .

1. What are the physical effects produced on bodies by augmenting or diminishing the amount of caloric which they include? 2. What is the meaning of the phrase, coefficient of expansion and explain generally how it may be obtained.

3. What has been, until lately, the received opinion in relation to the expansibility of gases and vapours, and in what particular has this opinion been recently corrected?

4. Describe the several steps in the construction of the mercurial thermometer, and the precautions necessary in taking the fixed points.

5. If water be cooled to 18°, so as to retain the liquid state, and be then agitated, how much of it will freeze.

N.B.-Latent heat of water=140°.

6. Give a definition of specific heat.

7. What product, consisting of three factors, represents the quantity of caloric which a body evolves in cooling through a given range of temperature?

8. What proportion of the water of a cryophorus has distilled into the empty ball at the instant that the residue is entirely frozen ?

N.B.-In considering this question, you will assume

that the instrument acquires no caloric from the atmosphere.

9. How do you represent the total amount of caloric in steam, according to Watt, and according to Regnault?

10. In the case of elements whose atoms have the same capacity for caloric, how do you show that the continued product of the atomic volume, the specific heat and the specific gravity is

a constant?

GENERAL PHYSICS, JOHN STEVELLY, LL.D.

MECHANICS.

1. Why is the property of inertia apt to be confounded with weight? Explain this property: and state the proofs that it is an independent inherent property of matter.

2. Explain what is meant by velocity. Give its strict defininition its numerical measure and state to what two units it refers.

3. What is the relation between two forces and their resultant?

4. What is the law which regulates the ascent of water in capillary tubes?

5. Describe the leading facts of Endosmose and Exosmose. 6. State the conditions respecting the centre of gravity of a constrained heavy body, which determine whether it be in equilibrium or not: and distinguish the kind of equilibrium.

7. State the relation of two forces which equilibrate on a wheel and axle.

8. State the relation of two forces which equilibrate on a screw. 9. State the relation discovered by Galileo between the spaces moved over by bodies under the influence of a uniform force, the times of motion, and the last acquired velocities, estimating all from the commencement of the motion.