twenty-six judges in the District Courts, two United States Senators, including one of the first two, and fifteen congressmen, were all New England born, every state from Maine to Connecticut being represented in the birthplaces. The Washburn family, so prominent in the flour milling industry, came from Maine, and the Pillsburys from New Hampshire. The lumber interest in the pineries of Minnesota drew many settlers from Maine and New Hampshire. The first newspaper editor in the state, James M. Goodhue, who began in 1849 to issue in St. Paul the Minnesota Pioneer (now the Pioneer Press), was born in Hebron, N. H. It was a Vermont woman, Harriet E. Bishop, born in Vergennes, who in St. Paul in 1847 began to teach the first permanent school in Minnesota. She also organized the first Sunday school. Major-General Christopher C. Andrews, who won his distinction in the Civil War, and who subsequently became United States Minister to Sweden and Norway, and after that Consul General to Brazil, was born at Hillsboro, N. H. He continues in active public service in the State Department of Forestry. Another Major-General, John B. Sanborn, was born in Epsom, N. H. One of the most honored citizens of Minneapolis and of Minnesota is Cyrus Northrop, for twenty-seven years president of the University of Minnesota, one of Yale's most distinguished graduates and former teachers. He was born in Ridgefield, Ct., and his achievements in behalf of education and religion reflect credit upon his New England forebears and training. Considering, then, the numerical predominance of racial elements other than those derived from New England, its influence in Minnesota is all the more notable. Not only have most of the two hundred Congregational churches been founded by settlers of New England parentage, and have had for their pastors sons or grandsons of New England; not only have staunch laymen of New England origin in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and the smaller cities, contributed powerfully to the upbuilding of their respective communities; but the atmosphere of the state, once impregnated with the New England spirit, has not ceased and will not cease to be favorable to the perpetuation of the Pilgrim tradition in American life. TWE WENTY-FIVE years ago Iowa was almost unknown and its character a blank; now its fame is at once world-wide and enviable. Then it was only a frontier Territory containing in the eye of the nation but a few scattered homes of wild adventurers; now it is a State of no mean rank in the center of States. Welcoming, from the first, to her soil the principles of education, liberty and religion that have traveled westward from the land of the Pilgrims . . . she stands forth with the proud inscription already on her brow, "The Massachusetts of the West," an inscription placed there, not as in self-glorying, by her own sons, but by friends abroad, as they have seen the freedom of her people, her schools and her churches, watched the integrity and wisdom of her legislators, felt her power in the councils of the nation, and especially as they have marked her noble record in the hour of the nation's peril. REV. EPHRAIM ADAMS, in "The Iowa Band" (1870). CHAPTER IX NEW ENGLAND AND IOWA A great, prosperous, enterprising state shaped from its beginning by New England men and New England ideas, yet revealing in its history of nearly one hundred years the outflowering of those ideas in forms that take on the color of the local environment—such is Iowa. A proud commonwealth it is among the trans-Mississippi States. With no cities of the first size, it has at least a dozen that exhibit every outward sign of culture and prosperity. The broad prairies bearing immense crops, and beautiful with many varieties of grass and flowers, please the eye and provide sustenance for multitudes. Iowa was the first free state in the Louisiana Purchase. Almost within the memory of some still alive the Indians roved far and wide over the region. Now more than two million people and more than nine thousand miles of railroads testify to its rapid development. Its interest in the things of the mind and of the spirit is shown by the fact that there are over thirteen thousand schoolhouses valued at twenty-five million dollars and over four thousand houses of |