II. THE APPLIED PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS.

In two other and larger works, Berkeley's Philosophy, in a popular form in the one, modified and carried forward in the other, is applied in the former to the defence of Christian Faith, and in the latter to recommend a supposed Medical Panacea for the relief of human suffering. They are:

1. Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher (1732).

2. Siris: a Chain of Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries, &c. (1744).

These two works form the second volume in this edition. The metaphysical importance of Siris has not been enough recognised. It is probably the profoundest English philosophical book of last century, and besides it gives Berkeley's philosophy in its latest form. In its mystical aphorisms about Life, one can, I think, trace germs of principles which supplement and correct extreme statements to which he was impelled in his youth by his enthusiasm against metaphysical abstractions. The speculative thought of Berkeley is only partially conceived by those who neglect the latter part of Siris.

III. THE MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.

All the other hitherto published works of Berkeley are for the most part short occasional tracts which seem best arranged when put nearly in chronological order. The third volume consists of these, under the vague designation of Miscellaneous Works, subdivided, however, as they are written in Latin or in English. The three Latin

tracts

1. Arithmetica (1707),

2. Miscellanea Mathematica (1707),

3. De Motu (1721),

are placed first. The De Motu, which relates to the

metaphysics of natural philosophy, might almost have been put in the first or in the second group, teaching as it does that all motion must be referred to intelligent activity as its cause, and that the space in which it occurs is relative to sense, and would pass away along with sensible things. But the language, and the way in which the subject is treated, seem to justify the place assigned to it.

The English Miscellaneous Works follow in the same volume, nearly chronologically :—

1. Passive Obedience (1712).

2. Essays contributed to the Guardian (1713). These Essays have hitherto been omitted in all the collected editions.

3. Essay towards preventing the Ruin of Great Britain (1720).

4. A Proposal for the Better Supplying Churches in our Foreign Plantations, and for Converting the Savage Americans to Christianity, by a College (1725).

5. Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America. [Date doubtful.]

6. A Sermon preached before the incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (1732).

7. The Analyst: or a Discourse addressed to an Infidel Mathematician (1734).

8. A Defence of Free-thinking in Mathematics: with an Appendix concerning Mr. Walton's Vindication of Sir Isaac Newton's Principle of Fluxions (1735).

9. Reasons for not replying to Mr. Walton's Full Answer (1735).

10. The Querist — originally published in Three Parts, in 1735-36-37.

11. A Discourse addressed to Magistrates and Men in Authority (1736).

12. A Letter to the Roman Catholics of the Diocese of Cloyne (1745).

13. A Word to the Wise (1749).

14. Maxims concerning Patriotism (1750).

15. Four Letters concerning Tar-water (1744-47). One of these, addressed to Dr. Hales, was

omitted in former collected editions.

16. Farther Thoughts on Tar-water (1752).

The English Miscellaneous Works, as appears from their titles, are chiefly on Moral, Social, and Economical questions; three are connected with Berkeley's American enterprise; three belong to the celebrated controversy with the mathematicians, and involve an important application of his metaphysical philosophy; others relate to tar-water, but only in its medical applications. All of them except the Passive Obedience, the Essays in the Guardian, the Analyst and relative tracts, and the Letters concerning Tar-water, were collected by Berkeley himself, and published in his Miscellany, a few months before his death.

The works thus arranged in the three volumes. comprehend the writings of Berkeley which were published when he was alive. One other work, The Memoirs of Signor Gaudentio di Lucca, has occasionally been assigned to him, but, I think, on insufficient grounds, as I have elsewhere explained.

In an Appendix to the first volume, I have printed, with the various erasures and other changes, Berkeley's rough draft of the Introduction to the Principles of. Hum:n Knowledge, which is possessed in autograph by

the Library of Trinity College, Dublin. The same Appendix also contains some other matter which illustrates the contents of the volume-especially the analogy of Collier's conception of the material world and Berkeley's.

The Appendix to the second volume describes the third edition of Alciphron, which I had not seen when that work was passing through the press.

Soon after the third volume was printed I was fortunate enough to find the Three Parts of the original edition of the Querist-sought for in vain by former editors of that remarkable tract. The large amount of additional matter contained in that edition is now given in an Appendix to the third volume. It may gratify those for whom the Querist, with its subtle yet practical social reforms, may have more interest than anything else that Berkeley has written.

A fourth, or supplementary volume, is biographical. As the reader chooses, it may be regarded as consisting either of Prolegomena or of Addenda to the other three. For a writer so full of warm human feeling as Berkeley, the best preliminary (or supplementary) dissertation to his Works, might, it seemed, be found in an account of his life, and of his philosophy regarded as the comprehensive unity which interprets his life. The events of the life have, however, been left in an obscurity which probably any effort that might now be made could only imperfectly remove. A Life of Berkeley, on any extended scale, was not part of the original plan of this edition. What has been in the end attempted has grown out of a gradual accumulation of materials, which continued research might perhaps increase, but which, even as they are, it seemed desirable to preserve.

The last chapter in the Life gives some critical account

It is necessary

of the implied Philosophy as a whole. to unfold what is latent, as Berkeley presupposes important principles which he does not articulately express. His philosophical method, moreover, is throughout a peculiar sort of appeal, through reflection, to an assumed intuition of the constant omnipresence or omnipotence of Mind in the universe-an intuition apt to be dormant in the individual, so that his appeal sometimes has the appearance of reasoning in a circle. This chapter, under another arrangement, might have formed an Introduction to the Works.

More than a third of the Biographical Volume consists of writings of Berkeley hitherto unpublished, supplied by the valuable collection of Papers which Archdeacon Rose kindly placed at my disposal. This volume seems to be the proper place for writings which reflect so much light on Berkeley's character, and the growth of his opinions. That so much of his previously unpublished writing should be given to the world nearly a hundred and twenty years after his death is a remarkable circumstance, which gives an interest to this edition of his Works that no preceding one could possess.

The preface to the Biographical Volume gives a more particular account of its contents.

Much is still wanting to realize my own conception of what an edition of the Works of Bishop Berkeley ought to be. The prefaces and annotations have been written from time to time, as opportunity offered, and those in the first volume have been in print for two or three years. The annotations are in all cases by the Editor, except where they are expressly assigned to the 'AUTHOR.' Some of my comments in the earlier parts of the work are perhaps somewhat differently conceived and expressed in the supplementary volume; but perhaps