Independent Whig, from 50,405 to 4,694; and Wooller's Gazette from 101,415 in 1819, to 77,850 in the following year. On the other hand, more neutral journals seem to have risen: -Bell's Dispatch, in four years, from 75,350 to 132,000; Bell's Messenger, from 573,150 to 607,650; the Observer, what we have already noticed; and the minor papers in like ratios.

All the periodicals above mentioned are produced on the Saturday, Sunday, and Monday; but there is another class of considerable importance published in the metropolis, which does not come under the designation of the daily press. There are at least five papers (British Mercury, Christian Reporter, Philanthropic Gazette, Military Gazette, and Moderator) peculiar to Wednesday; one, the Farmer's Journal, claims Monday; another, the Law Chronicle, belongs to Thursday; the Hue and Cry, or Police Gazette, is seen every third week; and the Literary Advertiser on the 10th of every month. On the evenings of Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, the Evening Mail, London Packet, and London Chronicle; and on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, the General Evening Post, Commercial Chronicle, English Chronicle, and St. James's Chronicle, which are all called "thrice-a-week papers," are promulgated, and, though not much read in London, have most of them, a respectable country circulation. In town, the population wants its food of news daily (almost hourly); in the provinces many are contented to be instructed on alternate days. Then there is the Courier de VOL. LXIII.

Londres every Tuesday and Friday; and, though last not least of this class, the London Gazette, by authority, every Tuesday and Saturday.

Taking the average of the sale of these 18 papers at 1,000, their thirty-four impressions will amount to 34,000 weekly, to be added to the first order, or about 14 mil. lions in the course of the year.

The third and best known class of London newspapers, consists of the daily morning and evening publications: the former comprehending eight-the British Press, Morning Advertiser, Morning Chronicle, Morning Herald, Morning Post, New Times, Public Ledger, and Times. The latter, seven-namely, the Courier, Globe, Star, Sun, Štatesman, Traveller, and True Briton. The eight morning papers have a daily sale (we speak very near the mark) of from 18,000 to 20,000: the seven evening papers amount probably to from 12,000 to 14,000. We will take the two united at a little more than 32,000 per diem, which makes an addition to the preceding weekly sale of newspapers of 200,000, and to the yearly total of about ten millions and a half.

The consumption of news-papers published in London alone, therefore, will on these data amount annually toOf Saturday, and Sunday (with Monday editi ons) papers Of other weekly, twice and thrice a-week papers

And of daily papers

3,250,000

1,750,000

10,500,000

price of this article, which, from its demand, may well be reckoned among the necessaries of life, at the revenue it produces, without the trouble even of collection, at the multitude of persons to whom it affords employment, at the quantity it uses of manufactures and mechanism, paper, type, presses, &c. &c. at its various ramifications as a source of industry and property in rents, insurances, buildings, news-venders, postages, conveyances, and above all, at its commercial, scientific, social, political, and moral influence, it will stand forward to the contemplation as one of the most extraordinary objects even of this extraordinary age.

But what we have yet considered is only a part of the whole; there are still an infinitely greater number of provincial newspapers to be added to the list. There is hardly a town of any size in the kingdom which has not its journal. Glancing at the Newsman's list (published by Newton, of Warwick-square), we observe, that Birmingham has four, Bristol five, Bath four, Brighton three, Cambridge two, Canterbury three, Carlisle two, Chelmsford two, Chester three, Coventry two, Durham two, Exeter four, Gloucester two, Hull three, Ipswich two, Leeds three, Liverpool six, Leicester two, Manchester seven, Maidstone two, Newcastle three, Norwich two, Nottingham, two, Oxford two, Preston two, Plymouth three, Sheffield three, Sherborne two, Stamford two, Whitehaven two, Worcester two, and York three. And this list (we have not minuted places where papers are published once a week) by no means includes all the country journals published. In England and Wales

however, it extends its enume ration to one hundred and thirtythree, all of which are weekly, except the two belonging to Canterbury, which appear twice a week.

The Isle of Man, Jersey, and Guernsey, produce each two weekly journals.

Scotland has thirty-one in the list, to which Aberdeen contributes two, Air two, Dumfries two, Dundee two, Edinburgh nine, Glasgow four, Inverness two, Kelso two, and Montrose two. Of these, three Edinburghs are published thrice a week, and three twice; two Glasgow's thrice a week, and one twice; Greenock twice a week, and one of the Kelso's twice a week; raising the whole to forty-seven within that period.

Ireland is enumerated up to fifty-six, whereof Belfast has four, Cork four,_ Clonmell two, Dublin sixteen, Ennis two, Gal way three, Kilkenny two, Limerick four, Tralee two, and Waterford two. Among these, four of the Dublin are daily, and there are others thrice and twice a week, to make the to al weekly, one hundred and twenty-six publications.

The summa is-weekly. English Provincials 135 The British Isles - 6 Scotland Ireland

Total

47 - 126

314

And to the honour of these be it stated, that not one of them is published on the Sabbathday, which practice is confined to London alone. Many of the country newspapers have a very great sale, so that we should not probably far exceed the truth if we averaged them at 2,000. The

result would be above 620,000 weekly, or 36 millions and a half annually, to be added to the mass of the metropolis, and augmenting the grand total to above fifty millions of sheets within the year.

Education in Italy.-The Lancasterian system has been introduced into many of the principal cities and towns of the Italian Peninsula, such as Naples, Milan, Brescia, Valenza on the Po, Rivoli, &c. and schools on this plan are now actually establishing at both Genoa and Rome. The Abbé Cesola and M. Caupin have employed themselves in forming similar ones in the city and environs of Nice. Nor has this method of instruction met with less encouragement at Florence, in which city is the "Florentine Institution," a very remarkable establishment, being, in fact, a combination of several schools. It is under the immediate patronage of the government, and is superintended by Zuccagni Orlandini, the first projector of the plan. He is assisted by Boreini, Pierrotini, and Giuliani, young men who zealously co-operate with him in a design so patriotic, and tending so greatly to ameliorate the condition of their fellow citizens. This Institution does not confine its instructions to the mere elements of reading and writing; for, in addition to the preparatory school, there are teachers for elegant penmanship, arithmetic, drawing, geography, and profane and literary history. The pupils are likewise taught universal grammar, and its application to their own idiom. They learn French, and are initiated into the higher departments of literature, and into physics and natural history. For

the accommodation of pupils from a distance, a boarding school has lately been opened in the vicinity of the Institute.

The Normal school, at Florence, in the first year, had 379 pupils, 19 of whom were adults: of this number, 98, at the end of eleven months, had risen to the eighth class, and soon after. left the school. It has been remarked of these pupils, that they carried with them habits of order, industry, obedience, acquired in the school, into their families, or the manufactories wherein they were placed. At Florence there are two schools; at Sienna, one; at Pisa, one; at Pistoia, one; at Montevarchi, one; at Stia, one; at Caviglia, one; at Gaiola, one; at Pereta, two; at Limita, one; and one at Montalaino,-founded and maintained at the charge of the bishop. New schools are in a course of preparation at Florence, St. Cassano, Santa Maria, Monte Pescia, S. Crose, Fusecinio, and Leghorn. Four Normal schools, on the plan of that at Florence, have been constructed within the papal territories, by the liberality of enlightened citizens; a measure which will tend to remove prejudices, and diffuse knowledge through the rest of Italy. The duchess of Parma has founded and maintains four schools. In Lombardy, also, 5,000 learners were lately counted in different Normal schools.

State of Education in France.-
The number of communes having
one or more schools was
In 1817
In 1820

Increase in 1820
Total No. of schools in 1817

17,800

24,124

6,324

20,200

Number of masters in 1817, 20,784; in 1820, 28,945.

Number of schools held by the religious, 60 in 1817; in 1820,

187.

Lost Classic Authors.-M. Maïo has made some new discoveries of lost works of ancient writers; among which are several parts of the mutilated and lost books of Polybius, of Diodorus, of Dion Cassius, some fragments of Aristotle, of Ephorus, of Timeus, of Hyperides, of Demetrius of Phalaris, &c. some parts of the unknown writings of Eunapius, of Menander of Byzantium, of Priscus, and of Peter the Protector. Among the inedited works of Polybius are prologues of the lost books, and the entire conclusion of the 39th, in which the author takes a review of his history, and devotes his 40th book to chronology. The fragments of Diodorus and of Dion are numerous and most precious. Among them is a rapid recital of many of the wars of Rome; a narrative of the Civil, Punic, social or Italic, and Macedonian wars; those of Epirus, Syria, Gaul, Spain, Portugal, and Persia. Parts of the history of the Greeks and other nations, and that of the successors of Alexander, &c. are among these. These were discovered in a MS. containing the harangues of the rhetorician Aristides, from a large collection of ancient writings, made by order of Constantinus Porphyrogenetes, of which only

Cicero. The Abbé Peyron, professor of oriental languages at the University of Turin, has found in a MS. belonging to the convent of St. Columbano at Bobbio, a town of Sardinia, several fragments of the great Roman orator. They are partly portions of works already known, such as the Oratio pro Scauro,' that Pro M.M. Tullio,' &c. Some of these have been previously brought to light by the labours of Angelo Maïo, but this manuscript is much more perfect and correct, so that the deficien. cies and errors of the other can be supplied and altered from this. There is a considerable difference in the writing of the two MSS. and also in their form, the one being in two columns, the other in three.

Greek MSS.-The following is a list of Greek MSS. purchased by professor Everett, in the month of June, last year, from a Greek prince residing in Constantinople, and which have since arrived at Boston, United States: 1. A quarto MS. containing sixteen discourses of Gregory Nazianzen; the writing is of the 13th or 14th century. 2. A large quarto MS. containing the Gospels arranged in lessons as they

are now read in the Greek church. The writing of the greater part is of the 13th century, but a small portion, to supply some leaves lost, is more recent. 3. An Evangelistarion and an Apostolion; or the whole New Testament, divided into lessons for the use of the Greek church. This MS. is in two quarto volumes, very well written; with the vignettes and the titles in gold letters. It has never yet been consulted for any edition of the New Testament. The text of John, 1 Ep. ch. 5, v. 7. is wanting, as in many other Greek MS. It appears to be of the 12th century. 4. A quarto MS. containing the Psalms, very well written, and in good preservation. It has also an explanation of the title of the Psalms, by Psellus, and a Menologia, or Greek Missal, with astronomical tables and diagrams to fix the returns of Easter. It is of the 13th century. 5. A fragment, containing some leaves of a large quarto, written in Roman letters, and apparently of the 8th or 9th century. It contains a part of the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. John. 6. A quarto MS. very beautiful and well written, containing the chronicle of Michael Glycus, a Sicilian of the 12th century. This chronicle, which comprises the history of the World, from the creation to the death of Alexius Comnenus, in 1118, was first published by Leunclavius, in 1572, from a very incorrect MS. It is of the 12th century. All these MSS. are of parchment, and in excellent pre

servation.

North American Antiquity. A discovery has been made in Newfoundland, during the last

summer, which has exercised the conjectures of antiquarians. About half a mile from the shores of Gander Bay, there has been found a fragment of a small pillar of white marble of an octangular form; about 18 inches long, and 10 in diameter. Its surface is much corroded by the effects of the weather, and it has probably lain there for a considerable time. It cannot have been left in ballast, because it is half a mile inland, and because no ships can come within three quarters of a mile of the shore of this place. This part of the country is not inhabited, and no similar stones, or works of art have been found on searching in the same neighbourhood. The texture of the marble is perfectly different from any of those used in sculpture or architecture, being of a yellowish white colour, and the texture is in some places crystalline granular, of a large grain; but there are every where intermixed with it parts of very complicated curvatures: capable of being separated in succession in parallel curved laminæ as thin as paper.

Nismes.-The beautiful temple known by the appellation of the Maison Carrée, has undergone considerable repairs. The roof has been restored to its ancient shape; and the cornice in the eastern façade, which was much decayed and very loose, has been rendered quite firm, and secure. It is now intended to clear away the rubbish below, which has accumulated to a depth of nearly nine feet, and to restore the bases of the columns; so that the temple will then be completely visible, although much sunk beneath the level of the surrounding place,