disappointed of the English crown by the accession of Henry,
ii. 31; assists in the crusade against the Albigenses, ib.
Louis IX. St. joins the crusade against the Albigenses, i. 443;
Joinville's account of his devotion to the papal church, 444,
note; sails on a crusade to Tunis, and dies of the plague, 451;
account of his crusades, and death, ii, 31.

XI. his birth, ii. 491, note; reduces the French feudatory
sovereignties into one great monarchy, i. 52; prevents a war
projected against him by Edward the Fourth, iii. 252; assists
in effecting a reconciliation between queen Margaret and the
earl of Warwick, 261; makes peace with Edward the Fourth,
332; his great fear of death, 440; his death, ib. note.
Lovel, Francis lord, raised to the peerage by Edward the Fourth,
iii. 353; promoted by the duke of Gloucester, 402; raises an
insurrection against Henry the Seventh, iv. 56; escapes to
Flanders, 57; killed at the battle of Stoke, 65.

Lübec, its early commercial prosperity, ii. 10, 26.

Lucca, its early commercial celebrity, ii. 26, 39, note.
Ludlow, failure of York at, iii. 202.

Lully, Raymond, "the most enlightened doctor" of the scho-
lastic philosophy, iv. 472.

Luther, Martin, his approbation of the writings of Wicliffe, v. 202 ;
his literary talents, ib. note.

Lydgate, account of his poems, v. 372.

M.

Macduff appeals to Edward I. against a judgment of king Baliol,

ii. 75.

Madonna, her importance in the Catholic worship, v. 45.

Magdeburg, a capital of the Slavi, i. 36; made a Christian bishop-
ric by Otho, 37.

Magiar, the oriental name of the Hungarians, i. 18, note.

Magna Charta, obtained from king John, i. 415; best copies of
it, 417, 419-420, note; analysis of it, 421; annulled by the
pope, 425; confirmed by Henry the Third, 432.
Magnopolis, the metropolis of the Obodriti, i. 34, note.

Magnus the Barefoot, king of Norway, his invasion of Ireland,
and death, i. 29, 176, and note.

Mahmud, the first who bore the title of sultan, and king of the
Turkish kingdom of Gazna, i. 306.

Maires du Palais, their importance under the Frankish kings,
i. 9: the antiquity of the office, ib. note.

Malcolm, king of Scotland, invades England, and carries away
a large number of captives, i. 104, note; makes his submission
to William the Conqueror, 111; treacherously slain by Mow-
bray, earl of Northumbria, 159; his daughter married to Henry
the First, 171.

Malek Shah, succeeds to the sovereignty of the Turks, i. 307;
power and character, 309, note.

his

Mandeville, Sir John, specimens of his English style, v. 445
Manny, Sir Walter, accompanies Philippa, queen of Edward III.
to England, ii. 178; his reception in Guienne, 196; his gallant
conduct in an attack on the French camp at Auberoche, 199;
account of his death, 200; his generous intercession for the
citizens of Calais, 212.

Mante, the town of, burnt by William the Conqueror, i. 123.
Manuscripts, the multiplication of, on the revival of letters, by the
labours of the monks, iv. 160,

Manuel VII. emperor of Greece, solicits the assistance of pope
Gregory VII. against the Turks, i. 310.

t

Manuel Paleologus, emperor of Constantinople, visits London, to
solicit aid from Henry IV. against the Turks, ii. 356.
Marcomanni, the, expel the Boii from Bohemia, i. 46, note.
Mareschall, William, earl of Pembroke, appointed regent during
the minority of Henry the Third, i. 432; his death, ib.
Margaret, queen of Norway, unites Norway, Sweden and Den-
mark under one sovereignty, ii. 8.

grand-daughter of Alexander III. and heiress of Scotland,
dies in the Orkneys on her way from Norway, ii. 69.

sister of Philip Augustus king of France, marries Edward
the First, ii. 117.

sister of Edward IV. married to the duke of Burgundy,
iii. 247; favours the opponents of Henry the Seventh, iv. 57;
supports the plot of Simnel, 63; countenances the pretensions
of Perkin Warbeck, 68.

daughter of the duke of Anjou, married to Henry the Sixth,
iii. 38; crowned at Westminster, ib.; acquires a preponderating
influence in the administration, 46; consequences of her power,
86; visits the country gentry to increase her popularity, 173;
her influence suspended by the illness of the king, 177; regains
her influence and removes York from the protectorate, 192
attempts his destruction, 193; her forces defeated by the earl
of Salisbury at Bloreheath, 200; regains her influence by the
dispersion of the Yorkists at Ludlow, 202; narrowly escapes
from the battle of Northampton, and flies to Scotland, 211;
assembles her friends in the north, 216; defeats and beheads
the duke of York at the battle of Wakefield, 218; marches to-
wards London, and defeats the Yorkists at St. Albans, and
obtains possession of the king, 220; retires to the north, 224;
retreats to Scotland after the battle of Towton, 232; invades
England, 235; again takes refuge in France, 237; lands, and
leads an army to the north, 239; her forces defeated at Hege-
ley Moor, ib.; and again at the battle of Hexham, 239;
threatens to invade England from Harfleur, 252; is joined by
Warwick, in France, 261; lands in England after the restora-
tion of Edward the Fourth, 301; her forces defeated, and her-
self taken after the battle of Tewkesbury, 314; committed to
the Tower, ib.

Marie, lays and fables of, (in Anglo-Norman) account of, iv. 287;
new supposition who she was, 304.

Marquises, their office under Charlemagne, i. 13; acquire terri-
'torial possessions, ib.

Martel, Charles, defeats the Mohamedans in France with great
slaughter, i. 9.

Mathilda, the niece of Edgar Etheling, marries Henry the First,
i. 171 her education, ib. note; a patron of the Anglo-Norman
vernacular poetry, iv. 201.

Matilda, queen of William I. left in charge of Normandy, i. 94;
brought to England, 95; her maternal fondness for her eldest
son Robert, 119; her death, 121.

empress of Germany, returns to England on the death of the
emperor, and is appointed the successor of her father, Henry.the
.' First, i. 19i; married to the earl of Anjou, ib.; the English
swear allegiance to her as the heiress to the throne, 197, note;
excluded from the crown by the accession of Stephen, 198;
lands in England to assert her claim to the throne, 205; obtains
́a safe conduct to her brother the count of Gloucester, at Bristol,
ib.; crowned at Winchester, 207; becomes unpopular, and on
the death of her brother, quits the kingdom, 209; her remark
on the cause of the profligacy of the English clergy, 242, note;
approves the conduct of Henry in his dispute with Becket, 258.
Maximilian I. acquires some of the Belgic provinces by his mar-
riage with a Burgundian heiress, i. 47, note.

Mecklenburg, the see of, re-established, after being destroyed by
the Slavi, ii. 10.

Meingyn, R. a priest, attacks the popish doctrines, iii. 128.
Mendicant friars, effect of their proceedings in England against
the established clergy, iii. 114.

Meriadoc, the Welsh prince, repressed by the Normans, i. 112, note.
Metals, licences for the transmutation of, iii. 42.

Milan, the city of, its early celebrity, ii. 33; its encroachments on
the neighbouring republics, ib.; its courageous defence against
Frederic Barbarossa, by whom it was taken and rased to the
ground, 36; rebuilt by the league of Lombardy, ib.
Millennium, popular belief respecting it in the eleventh century,
i. 316.

Minstrels, Anglo-Norman, their origin and character, iv. 163.
Miracles, Catholic, in the middle ages, v. 108.

Missionaries, English, labour to convert the north of Europe to
Christianity, i. 30, 31.

Mohamed Abenamir Almançor, his efforts to subdue the Chris-
tians in Spain, i. 57; dies at Medina Celi, ib. note.

Mohamedanism, introduced into Spain, i. 7; threatens the de-
struction of Christianity in Europe, ib.; its military spirit and
progress, 302; its internal dissensions, 303; adopted by the
Turks, 306; influence of, on Christianity, v. 116.
Mohamedans invade France, i. 9; defeated, after an engagement
of seven days, by Charles Martel, and driven into Spain, ib.

Moleyns, Adam, made keeper of the privy seal and bishop of
Chichester, iii. 34; appointed to treat for the marriage of Henry
Sixth with Margaret of Anjou, 36; negotiates a truce with
France, 60; charged with misrepresenting the conduct of the
duke of York in Normandy, 62; withdraws from the cabinet,
63; killed at Portsmouth, 78.

Monasteries, their important uses, v. 89.

Anglo-Norman, their restoration and regulation by Lanfranc,

v. 87.

Montague, Lord, defeats the Lancastrian forces at Hegeley Moor,
iii. 239; and again at the battle of Hexham, ib. ; created earl
of Northumberland, 240.

Montford, Simon de, engages in the crusade against the Albigenses,
i. 442; killed at the siege of Thoulouse, 444.

Montserrat, the marquis of, made king of Thessalonica, &c. ii. 38.
Moravia, its population in the eleventh century, i. 43.

Moravians, the, driven from Hungary by the Hungarians, i. 18,

note.

Moray and Douglas, Earl of, entrusted by Robert Bruce with the
command of the Scottish forces against Edward the Third,
ii. 169; retreats without fighting, after devastating the English
frontiers, 177.

Morcar, aspires to the throne of England after the death of Harold,
i. 82; makes his submission to king William, 90; revolts, 95;
treacherously seized by him, and committed to prison, 106;
released from his imprisonment by order of William while on
his death bed, 126.

Moreville, Hugh de, conspires to kill Thomas à Becket, i. 266.
Morgan of Kidwelly, his treachery towards Richard the Third,
iii. 510.

Morley, Daniel, studies the sciences from the Arabians in Spain,
iv. 382.

Mortimer, joins the conspiracy against Edward the Second,
ii. 154.

created earl of March, ii. 178; seized and executed, 180.
Earl, attacks Owen Glendower, and is taken prisoner,
ii. 355.

Mortimer's Cross, battle of, iii. 219.

Morton, bishop of Ely, his history and appointments, iii. 351;
sent prisoner to Brecon by the duke of Gloucester, 420; plans
with Buckingham to place the earl of Richmond on the throne,
473; made archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 55.

Moskow, the city of, founded, ii. 15, note.

Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, treacherously slays Malcolm king
of Scotland, i. 159; imprisoned by William Rufus, ib.

N.

Naples, becomes subject to the Normans, i. 54.
NAPOLEON Bonaparte, on the wants of society, v.

98.

Natural Philosophy, cultivated by the Arabians, iv. 395.

Naval engagement between the Cinque Ports' fleet and a French
fleet, ii. 76.

Naval victory, signal, obtained by Edward III. over the French,
ii. 191.

Navarre, the Christian kingdom of, its origin, i. 55; etymology
of the name, ib. note.

Neil, brother of Robert Bruce, shares his exile and sufferings,
ii. 104; taken prisoner, and beheaded, 110.

Netter, Thomas, (or Waldensis) the champion of popery against
Wicliffe, iii. 139.

New Forest, Hampshire, formed by William the Conqueror, i. 129;
popular traditions respecting, ib. note.

Nicole de Trailli, who he was, iv. 284.

Nobility of England, their character and depredations in the
eleventh and twelfth centuries, i. 452; state of, on the death
of Edward the Fourth, iii. 348.

Nominalists and Realists, account of, iv. 499.

Norfolk, Earl of, conspires with other Norman barons against
William the Conqueror, i. 114; defeated, and forced to quit
the kingdom, 115.

Duke of, assists in the murder of the duke of Gloucester,
ii. 311; his conversation respecting the king's designs against
certain barons disclosed by Henry of Lancaster, 313; pre-
pares for a trial at battle with him, 315; is banished the king-
dom, 316.

Duke of, commands his forces against the earl of Richmond
in the battle of Bosworth Field, iii. 521; killed in the engage-
ment, 529.

Normandy, political effects of its association with England, i. 1;
ceded to Rollo and the Northmen, 63; state of, in the tenth
century, 66; civilized and improved by Rollo, 68; lost to the
English crown by king John, 406.

Normans, their origin, i. 60; invade France under Rollo, 62;
and previously under Hastings, ib.; obtain the province of
Normandy, 64; their national character, 65. 130; embrace
Christianity, 70; invade England, 72; establish themselves in
Naples and Sicily, 54; their new mode of fighting, 76.
Northampton, parliament held at, by Henry the Second, at which
Becket was impeached, i. 248.

.

battle of, iii. 210.

Northern tribes of Europe, their first incursions into the southern
states, i. 5.

Northmen, their irruptions into the south of Europe, i.15; sub-
dued in England by Alfred, ib.; colonize Normandy, and give
sovereigns to England, 16; invade Ireland, 290.

Northumberland, duke of, joins Henry of Lancaster on his land-
ing in Yorkshire, ii. 322; secures the person of Richard II. by
a stratagem at Conway, 329; defeats the Scots under earl