Douglas at Hamildon Hill, 353; conspires against the king,
356; taken prisoner and beheaded, 361, and note.

Northumberland, Earl of, killed at the first battle of St. Albans,
iii. 186.

the Earl of (son of the preceding earl) appointed to the
command of the north with Lord Clifford, iii. 204; killed at
the battle of Towton, 230.

- Earl of, his hesitating and ambiguous conduct at the battle
of Bosworth Field, iii. 523; killed by some insurgents, iv. 67.
Northumbria, devastated by William I. in revenge for the en-
couragement given by it to the Danish invasion, i. 102.
Norway, political state of, in the eleventh century, i. 29; its power
destroyed by the death of Harold Hardraada, ib.; converted
to Christianity, 30, note; state of, from the eleventh to the
fourteenth century, ii. 3; appended to Sweden, and afterwards
to Denmark, 4.

Norwegians, their character in the twelfth century, ii. 4, note.
Noureddin, acquires the sovereignty of Aleppo, i. 346; overruns
Egypt, 347; his death, 348.

Novogorod, founded by the Slavi, i. 37; taken by the Scandi-
navian sea-kings, 38; etymology of the name, ib. note; consi-
dered one of the first capitals of Russia, ii. 12; its early com-
mercial celebrity, 26.

0.

Obodriti, or Reregi, a branch of the Slavi tribe, i. 35, note; their
idolatrous worship, ii. 9.

Occham, W. the invincible doctor' of the scholastic philosophy,
iv. 472; on the Universals, 492.

Occleve, Thomas, account of his poems, v. 367.

Oder, the, republic and emporium of the Slavi upon, i. 36.
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, joined with his brother William Fitz-
osborne in the charge of the kingdom, during the absence of
William I. in Normandy, i. 91; representation of him on the
Bayeux tapestry, ib. note; arrested, and sent into confinement
in Normandy, 121; released from his imprisonment, by order
of his brother William the First, while on his death-bed, 126;
enters into a confederacy to place Robert of Normandy on the
English throne, 141; assists him in his invasion of England,
and is defeated with disgrace, 144.

Oester-reich, or eastern kingdom, origin of the name of Austria,
i. 44.

Olaf, forcibly establishes Christianity in Norway, i. 30, note.

king of Sweden, his subjects bargain with him to permit
the introduction of Christianity, on condition of preserving the
temple at Upsal, i. 32, note.

note.

Tryggvason, the northern sea-king, his dexterity, i. 65,

Olaf Kyrre, king of Norway, declines the command of the Da-
nish expedition intended for the invasion of England, i. 122,

note.
Oland Isles, the language of, approaches the English, i. 33, nole.
Olaus, king of Denmark, permits his chief archbishop, and others
of his subjects, to join the crusades, i. 31.

Olave, king of Norway, marries the daughter of Sveno, i. 100;
promotes the prosperity of his country, ib. note.

Oldcastle, Sir John, persecuted and burnt for heresy, on account
of his embracing Wicliffe's principles, ii. 472; burlesque verses
composed on him, iii. 144, note.

Oldenburg, the metropolis of the Wagri, i. 34, note; the see of,
re-established, after being destroyed by the Slavi, ii. 10.

Old Man of the Mountains, head of a Persian tribe, i. 386, note;
origin of the designation, ii. 55, note.

Oleron, privileges granted to it, i. 400.

Oliphant, Sir William, defends Stirling against Edward the First,
ii. 95.

Omar, caliph, burns the Alexandrian library, iv. 348.

Ordeal, trial by, abolished in England, i. 432, note.

Ordericus Vitalis, his character of the Scotch, i. 96, note; his
condemnation of the severities of William I. against the Nor-
thumbrians, 102, note.

Orgors, the, invade Europe, i. 34.

Orientalis Marchia, a name of Austria, i. 44, note.

Orleans, the siege of, ii. 513; delivered by Joan of Arc, 572.
Maid of. See Joan of Arc.

Duke of, challenges Henry the Fourth to a single combat,
ii. 361; contends for the crown of France, 362; assassi-
nated, ib.

Duke of, released from his captivity in England, iii. 31;
specimens of his poetry, ib. note.

Ostro Gothia, a name of Austria, i. 44, note.

Othman, the Arabian caliph, seditious tumults during his reign,
i. 303, note.

Otho the Great, rescues Europe from the Hungarians and the
Slavi, i. 20; crowned king of Italy, 23; establishes christianity
among the Slavi, 35, note; promotes the prosperity of the
German cities, ii. 34.

the emperor, excommunicated by the pope, i. 413, note.
Otto, refuses the imperial dignity in Germany, i. 17, note.
Oviedo, the Christian kingdom of, in Spain, its origin, i. 55.
Owen Glendower, his insurrectionary war against Henry the
Fourth, ii. 354.

Gwynedd, defeats the English forces led by Henry II. in
person, in the woods of Eulo, i. 231.

Tudor, marries the widow of Henry the Fifth, and by this
marriage becomes the grandfather of Henry the Seventh,
iv. 47; killed at the battle of Mortimer's Cross, iii. 219.

Owl and the Nightingale, account of the poem so called, v. 217.
Oxford, Earl of, a warm partisan of Henry the Sixth, iii. 356;
joins the earl of Richmond, 498; commands at the battle of
Bosworth Field, 522.

P.

Pacenati, a name of the Scythians, i. 19, note.

Paganism, its rites introduced into Christian worship, v. 24, 40;
eradicated by the Gothic invaders of Europe, 28.

Pages, the combat of, at the siege of Orleans, ii. 521.

Painting, introduced into Russia from Greece in the tenth cen-
tury, i. 39.

Palestine, its state in the 13th century, ii. 39.

Pandulf, the pope's legate, king John resigns his crown to his
hands, i. 414.

Pannonia, (Hungary) depopulated in the war between the Avari
and Charlemagne, i. 18, note.

a name of Austria, i. 44, note.

Papacy, the state of in the eleventh century, i. 54•

Papal government, rise and influence of,

29.

schism, effect of, in weakening men's attachment to papal
christianity, v. 147.

christianity, its rise in England, v. i.; attacks on, from the
eighth to the fourteenth century, 115.

authority in England, resistance of the English clergy to,
v. 148; measures of the English sovereigns to diminish it, 150.
Paris, besieged by the Northmen, i. 62, 63.

Parliaments, their antiquity in Europe, i. 3; established in Russia,
ib. note.

Parr, Dr. his account of Dick's Well, iii. 525, note.
Patay, the battle of, won by Joan of Arc, ii. 581.

Paulicians, a Christian sect, their origin in Armenia, v. 123.;
emigrate to Europe, 126; their connexion with the Protestant
reformers, 135, note.

Pavia, the city of, its early celebrity, ii. 30; its complaints against
Milan, ib.

Peacock, Reginald, preaches against the popish doctrines, iii. 129;
committed prisoner to the abbey of Thorney, 143.

Pelayo, Don, his opposition to the Moors in Spain, i. 55; his
actions the subject of Southey's "Don Rodrigo," and of Sir
Walter Scott's "Vision of Don Roderick," ib. note.

Peroun, god of thunder, an idol of the Slavi, i. 35, note; dragged
by a horse's tail, and thrown into the Borysthenes, 39, note.
Persia, conquered by the Mohamedans, i. 302, note; its ancient
notions, v. 23, 7.

Peter of Pisa, his lectures on grammar attended by Charlemagne,
i. 13, note.

Lombard, his sentences, iv. 470; analysis of, v. 73.

Peter, abbot of Clugny, studies the sciences under the Arabians
in Spain, iv. 378.

the Hermit, makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, i. 319; his
early history, ib. note; persuades the sovereigns of Europe to
attack the Turks, 321; leads the second body of crusaders,
325; escapes to Constantinople, after the defeat of the cru-
saders by Solyman, 327.

the Cruel, king of Castile, involves himself by his atrocities
in a war with France, ii. 223; driven from his kingdom, 227;
obtains the assistance of the Black Prince, who reinstates him
on his throne, 229; his ingratitude to the prince, 230; his
death, 234.

Petrarch, his contributions to Italian poetry, ii. 39.

Philip I. of France, incites the vengeance of William the Con-
queror by a jest, i. 123.

Augustus, king of France, proceeds for the crusades, i. 363;
quits Messina for Palestine, 368; assists at the siege of Acre,
375; quits Palestine for Europe, 379; sides with prince Arthur
against king John, 406; obtains possession of Normandy, ib.;
defeats John in Poitou, 415; adds Normandy, &c. to his ter-
ritories, ii. 30; killed before Avignon in the crusade against
the Albigenses, i. 443.

III. of France, his prosperous reign, ii. 32.

IV. or the Fair, king of France, his contests with Edward
the First, &c. ii. 32; invades the territories of Edward in Gas-
cony, 76.

V. or the Long, king of France, ii. 32.

VI. or de Valois, chief incidents of his reign, ii. 33; con-
tests the crown of France with Edward the Third, 183; his
cautious policy on Edward's invasion of France, 189; defeated
at the battle of Cressy, 205; attempts ineffectually to relieve
Calais, 211; his death, 214.

du Than, an early writer of Anglo-Norman vernacular
poetry, iv. 206.
Philippa, daughter of the count of Hainault, married to Edward
the Third, ii. 178; heads the army against the king of Scotland,
210; successfully intercedes for the citizens of Calais, 212;
her death, 238.

Piercy, Sir Ralph, killed at the battle of Hegeley Moor, iii. 239.
Piers Plouhman, an early writer of English poetry, v. 237.
Pilgrim, the, account of the poem so called, v. 237.
Pilgrimage, the habit of, begun in Europe, i. 44.

to Jerusalem, its origin, &c. i. 316.

Pilgrimages, ill effects of, iii. 137.

through Greece, their effects in promoting a love of study,

iv. 157.

Pilgrims, Christian, to Jerusalem, their first journeys, i. 316;
their sufferings, 318.

Piphles, a Christian sect, their derivation from the Paulicians,
V. 128.

Piracy, cessation of, in Norway, i. 29.

Pisa, its early commercial celebrity, ii. 26.

Pisans, the, obtain settlements at Constantinople, ii. 38.
Placentia, council held at, on the subject of the crusades, i. 321.
Pleinen, its idolatrous worship, ii. 9, note.

Podaga, a Slavonic idol worshipped at Pleinen, ii. 9, note.
Poetry, Anglo-Saxon, its style and decline, iv. 307.

Anglo-Norman, its character and style, iv. 310.
vernacular, of England, its history, iv. 183, 197.

English, history of, from the twelfth century to the middle
of the fifteenth, iv. 204.

Poictiers, the battle of, ii. 214.

Polabi, their idolatrous worship, ii. 9, note.

Polabingi, a branch of the Slavi tribe, i. 34, note.

Poland, character of its inhabitants in the eleventh century, i. 42,
and note; state of, from the eleventh to the fourteenth century,
ii. 10; invaded by Frederick Barbarossa, 11.

Pole, Michael de la, earl of Suffolk, impeached, ii. 295; escapes
to the continent, 302.

Poll tax, oppressive, levied by Richard II. and the insurrections
produced by it, ii. 253.

Polovtsi, a Tartar nation, their invasions of Russia, ii. 15.
Polytheism, its misconceptions as to the causes of things, iv. 361.
Pope, the, established in territorial sovereignty by Charlemagne,
1. 14; creation of his temporal power, v. 29.

Popery, gradual decline of, in England, iii. 96. et seqq; books
written against, 133.

Porphyry's Isagoge, analysis of, iv. 411.

Portugal, first formation of the kingdom of, i. 58; its Cortez in
1143, ib.

iii. 127.

assisted against the Moors by the fleet of Richard the First,
i. 363.
Prelates of England, their vices in the fifteenth century,
Prester John, a Tartar chief, embraces Christianity, i. 447.
Printing, the art of, introduced into England, iii. 329, note.
Prono, an idol of the Suevi, i. 36, note.

Prove, a Slavonian idol, worshipped at Aldenberg, ii. 9, note.
Provençal language and literature, i. 51.

Prusci, occupy Prussia, i. 41; Semland, 42, note.

Prussia, character of its population in the eleventh century, i.41;
converted to Christianity, 42, and note.

Psalter of Cashel, an ancient Irish chronicle, account of, i. 278,
note.

Pullen, Cardinal, a supporter of the scholastic philosophy, iv. 477.
Purgatory, the doctrine of, its use in the Catholic church, v. 55.