In order to support the panic among the people, especially among the citizens of London, a pamphlet | was published with this title, "A narrative and impartial discovery of the horrid popish plot, carried on for burning and destroying the cities of London and Westminster with their suburbs; setting forth the several consults, orders, and resolutions of the Jesuits concerning the same, by Captain William Bedloe, lately engaged in that horrid design, and one of the popish committee for carrying on such fires." Every fire which had happened for several years past is there ascribed to the machinations of the Jesuits, who purposed, as Bedloe said, by such attempts, to find an opportunity for the general massacre of the Protestants; and in the meantime were well pleased to enrich themselves by pilfering goods from the fire.

and he could only hope, by a seeming compliance, to be able after some time to guide and direct and elude its fury. He made, therefore, a speech to both Houses, in which he told them that he would take the utmost care of his person during these times of danger; that he was as ready as their hearts could wish, to join with them in all means for establishing the Protestant religion, not only during his own time, but for all future ages; and that, provided the right of succession were preserved, he would consent to any laws for restraining a popish successor; and, in conclusion, he exhorted them to think of effectual means for the conviction of popish recusants; and he highly praised the duty and loyalty of all his subjects, who had discovered such anxious concern for his safety.

These gracious expressions abated nothing of the vehemence of parliamentary proceedings. A bill was introduced for a new test, in which popery was denominated idolatry; and all members who refused this test were excluded from both Houses. The bill passed the Commons without much opposition; but in the upper House the duke moved that an exception

1177

THE Christian army was drawn up in order of battle on the plateaux, to seek out the openings, and defiling through them to descend on the city. The Poles, led by Jablonowski, their Grand Hetman, formed the right wing, holding themselves ready to turn the left of the Barbarians, and to hurl themselves as soon as possible towards the very centre of the enemy's camp, where were valleys more favourable for the movements of the hussars. The left wing, which was near the Danube, and had to drive back the Turks from it, was composed of the Imperial and Saxon infantry in three divisions. The Count Caprara, who had Prince Louis of Baden and Prince de Salm as his lieutenants, led the first. The second had at its head Prince Herman of Baden, he to whom is attributed the glory of having pointed the fatal cannon at Turenne; under him served the Duke of Croy and Louis of Neubourg. The Elector of Saxony commanded the third division, consisting of

These were

the auxiliary troops. all long proved soldiers and illustrious generals. This formidable relieving force was to march straight on Vienna, to which it lay nearest. Its cavalry was the corps of the impetuous Chevalier Lubomirski. The Duke of Lorraine in person commanded the entire wing.

The centre was composed of two divisions: one was the cavalry of the empire and of Bavaria, led by the experienced Duke of SaxeLauenburg, who had under him Count Caraffa, the Baron de Bareith, Count Gondola, the Baron de Munster, the Marquis de Beauveau; the other was the infantry of Bavaria, of Franconia, of the Circles, under the orders of the Prince of Waldeck. By the side of this celebrated leader, the Elector of Bavaria desired to fight as a simple volunteer. Three Princes of Anhalt, three of Wurtemburg, two of Hanover, two of Holstein, one of Eisenach, one of Hohenzollern, one of Hesse-Cassel, shone scattered through the lines. The

whole empire was there; only the Emperor was wanting, as Voltaire says. In his place the King of Poland appeared as the Agamemnon as well as the Ajax of the age. Kara-Mustapha, on his side, counted round him four Christian and four Tartar princes. Probably so many proud chiefs had not met on the same field of battle since the delivery of Jerusalem.

Enrolled among the aides-decamp of the Duke of Lorraine, young Eugene of Savoy served his apprenticeship to the trade of war by carrying to John Sobieski the news of an engagement which was at once the beginning of this great military career and of this great day. On the evening before, the Count of Leslé, of Prince Herman's division, had received orders to advance beyond Camaldules, at the entrance to the forest, to descend through the vineyards to entrench himself, and to plant batteries that should cut up the centre of the Mussulman troops as they advanced; he could command them at all points. At the break of the day, the Spahis, on their march, perceived the works of the Imperialists and Saxons, and, uttering loud shouts, appeared in force to destroy them. The Count de Fontaine, and after him the Duke de Croy, of the same division, joined the conflict; the Duke de Croy was seriously wounded; another lord of this house, Prince Maximilian, fell fatally injured; Waldeck saw himself obliged to hasten up; the whole left wing became engaged. The dispute between Eu

rope and Asia was committed to the God of battles.

It was eight o'clock in the morning; the action, spread from one end of the mountain to the other, grew severe and bloody ; it extended over all the steep country from Grinzing to Pelzetsdorf, and already the dragoons of Savoy and Croy, a Saxon regiment, and the corps of Lubomirski had covered themselves with glory. Prince Charles of Lorraine hastened to the king to take his final orders, and when the instructions were given, they both, arm in arm, entered the old church of Leopoldsburg, which looks down on the immense scene, that they might together invoke the blessing of Him whose cause they were come to defend. From the terrace of the church they saw as far as the Polish Caparthians, the summits of which bounded the horizon. Mass was said by Father Marco of Aviano, a Capuchin, a pious and eloquent enthusiast, reputed, Daleyrac says, a man of such sanctity as to be able to work miracles, who had come from Rome commissioned to bear the blessing of Pope Innocent XI. to the defenders of the cross. The electors, all the princes who were not as yet engaged, all this nobility, the élite of the polite world, crowded to be present; John Sobieski himself acted as the priest's attendant. Kneeling throughout on the steps of the altar, his head bent, his hands folded in a cross, the hero prayed fervently; he took the sacrament; he rose to arm his