vessels.. xj 4 iiij 4 Jan. 1. My father gave me 41. to bear my expences at Bathe. Mr. Chapman the Maior, came to Kelston and returned thanks, for my being chosen to serve in Parliament, to my father, in name of all the Citizens. My father gave me good advice, touching my speaking in Parliament as the City should direct me. Came home late at night from Bathe, much troubled hereat concerning my proceeding truly for mens good report and mine own safety. Note, I gave the City Messenger ijsh. for bearing the Maiors Letter to me. Laid out, in all, 31. vijsh. for victuals, drink, and horse-hire, together with certain gifts. We presume that the following domestic regulations, especially those referring to the distribution of time, are no less unlike to the modern establishments in great houses, than the former article is to the present mode of conducting the elections of Members of Parliament. Whether every item in these orders is absolutely unfit for the consideration of our fashionable contemporaries, we cannot pretend to determine: we do no more than remark the difference between modern manners and those which prevailed in the days of John Haryngton. [Nuga Antiquæ, Vol. II.] Orders for Household Servantes; first deuised by John Haryngton, in the Yeare 1566, and renewed by John Haryngton, Sonne of the saide John, in the Yeare 1592: The saide John, the Sonne, being then High Shrieve of the County of Somerset. IMPRIMIS, That no servant bee absent from praier, at morning or euening, without a lawfull excuse, to be alledged within one day after, vpon, paine to forfeit for euery tyme 2d. II. Item, That none swear any othe, Vppon paine for euery othe 1d. III. Item, That no man leaue any doore open that he findeth shut, without theare bee cause, vppon paine for euery time id. IV. Item, That none of the men be in bed, from our Lady-day to Michaelmas, after 6 of the clock in the morning; nor out of his bed after 10 of the clock at night; nor, from Michaelmas ull our Lady-day, in bed after 7 in the morning, nor out after 9 at night, without reasonable cause, on paine of 2d. V. That no mans bed bee vnmade, nor fire or candle-box vnclean, after.8 of the clock in the morning, on paine of Id. VI. Item. That no man make water within either of the courts, vppon paine of, euery tyme it shal be proved, id. VII. Item, That no man teach any of the children any vnhonest speeche, or baudie word, or othe, on paine of 4d. VIII. Item, That no man waite at the table without a trencher in his hand, except it be vppon some good cause, on paine of Id. IX. Item, That no man appointed to waite at my table be absent that meale, without reasonable cause, on paine of 1d. X. Item, If any man breake a glasse, hee shall answer the price thereof out of his wages; and, if it bee not known who breake it, the buttler shall pay for it, on paine of 12d. XI. Item, The table must bee couered halfe an houer before 11 at dinner, and 6 at supper, or before, on paine of 2d. XII. Item, That ineate bee readie at 11 or before at dinner, and 6 or before at supper, on paine of 6d. XIII. Ite:n, That none be absent, without leaue or good cause, the whole day, or any part of it, on paine of 4d. XIV. Item, That no man strike his fellow, on paine of loss of seruice; nor reuile or threaten, or prouoke another to strike, on paine of 12d. XV. Item, That no man come to the kite.n without reasonable cause, on paine of 1d. and the cook likewyse to forfeit 1d. XVI. Item, That none toy with the maids, on paine of 4d. XVII. That no man weare foule shirt on Sunday, nor broken hose or shooes, or dublett without buttons, on paine of 1d. XVIII. Item, That, when any strainger goeth hence, the chamber be drest vp againe within 4 howrs after, on paine of 1d. XIX. Item, That the hall bee made cleane enery day, by eight in the winter, and seauen in the sommer, on paine of him that should do it to forfeit 1d. XX. That the cowrt-gate bee shutt each meale, and not opened during dinner and supper, without just cause, on paine the porter to forfet for euery time, id.' XXI. Item, That all stayrs in the house, and other rooms that neede shall require, bee made cleane on Fryday after dinner, on paine of forfeyture of euery on whome it shall be belong into, 3d. All which sommes shall be duly paide each quarter-day out of their wages, and bestowed on the poore, or other godly vse. LIST OF MINES OF ALL THE KNOWN METALS IN THE VICEROYSHIP OF PERU. [From the Peruvian Mercury, a periodical work published in Lima.] Huantajaya and Taena, 131 70 227 21 134 161 60 3 102 63 19 28 71 30 Huancavelica, Castrovirreyna, and At the most moderate calculation, it is computed that nine thousand millions of ounces have been exported to Spain in 248 years, from the discovery of the mines of Peru to the year 1740. Those of Potosi alone produced, in the first ninety years they were worked, 395,619 ounces. A Spanish author has calculated all the gold and silver in Spain, in church plate, private plate, and in currency, at 100,000 millions of ounces. "Look to the thin and scanty remains of the populous and prosperous nations of the southern hemisphere, and to a land whose veins are gold and its mountains silver, of which Spanish cruelty and avarice have been constrained to make a desert, in order to secure the possession of it. Behold the sullen, dejected native, trampling under his feet gold and diamonds, which he dare not put forth his hand to touch; and reproaching Heaven with heaping upon him, in its anger, treasures which have attracted, not the pious zeal and attention, but the infernal rage, of men who nevertheless dare to call themselves Christians!"-Hunter's Lectures. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN. If our information be correct, Bonaparte has treated the University of Göttingen with a kind of distinction or deference, which has relieved it from the extreme sufferings to which the cities of Germany in general have been subjected: an account of this Institution may be agreeable to our readers. THE city of Göttingen, in the territories of Hanover, has been lately rebuilt; the streets are all in straight lines, wide, and have a convenient pavement for foot passengers. The population is reckoned at about 10,000 souls, including seven or eight hundred students from all parts of Europe. Gottingen has neither playhouses, commerce, or places of public amusement; of course none but men who have a taste for study will settle here. 2 Among the chief public establishments are distinguished the lying-in hospital, a beautiful piece of architecture, wherein are combined a salubrious air and internal neatness, with every convenience that the condition of the patient may require: the botanical garden, which is remarkably well kept, and always open to the pupils: the public library, which is composed of nearly 200,000 volumes, in all languages; it contains also a rich collection of engravings, and of ancient as well as modern monuments. It is intended for the use especially of the professors and students. The cabinet of mineralogy is one of the most complete in Europe. Lastly, the hospital, which contains only forty beds, but is kept very clean and comfortable. The University of Göttingen is composed of a pro-rector, a council, twenty-four esta blished professors, and an equal number of supernumeraries, or substitutes. The pro-rector holds his office for only six months. He represents the King, who is perpetual rector; he inscribes the names of the new pupils, is president of the council, issues his orders to the police guard, and, if requisite, can call out the military. He is the chief civil magistrate of the city. The professors of each faculty successively fill this eminent situation. The council is composed of the pro-rector, two professors, and two supplementaries. They decide, 1mo, on the offences of the students, who are amenable only to their fa therly tribunal. 2do, On the differences between the inhabitants, the military, and the students. In this latter case, if of a serious nature, two judges of the civil tribunal are called to sit with the council. The students take the oath of submission to the academic code, from the day their names are inscribed till they have gone through the whole course of lectures. The punishments inflicted on them consists in fines, confinement, exile, and disgraceful banishment. Such students as have incurred this last punishment are excluded for ever from all the universities of Germany, and all public și tuations. There are four faculties, viz. 1st, the Faculty of Theology, which comprehends the history of the church, morality and divinity, properly so called. 2d, The Faculty of Law, which comprehends the law of nature, the law of nations, universal history, the history of Germany, and of its different constitutions, Justinian's Institutes, the pandects, canon, civil and criminal law. 3d, The Faculty of Physic, which comprehends anatomy, physiology, the materia-medica, natural history, botany, chemistry, mineralogy, the healing art, pathology, therapeutics, surgery, and chemistry. 4th, The Faculty of Philosophy, which comprehends metaphysics, natural history, mathematics, astronomy, geography, diplomacy, politics, statistics, archæology, &c. The professors have from four to six thousand livres salary, exclusive of perquisites, such as the payments made by the students who follow the different courses. The lectures are divided into two sessions, and last five months, at the rate of five lessons a week: the lessons occupy at least an hour. The first lectures begin at the latter end of October, and end a fortnight before Easter. After one month's vacation they are resumed, and last till the latter end of September. The complete academical course of lectures requires at least three years; and yet in order to go through the whole in that interval, a pupil must follow at least four during the half year. He then may be examined, and take his degrees. It is required of the professors, besides the science which they teach, to be versed in the ancient and some of the living languages. They are nominated by the Regency, which never fails of making a proper choice; the public opinion having been previously consulted on the question. HISTORY AND PRESENT STATE OF THE IMPERIAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY AT MOSCOW. The following information is chiefly derived from a late publication printed at Moscow, by M. G. Fischer, containing a narrative of his labours, and of the principles he has adopted, in arranging this Museum. It is the first number of a series, intended to comprise descriptions of the most rare and valuable articles extant in this institution. From the character of this work given by a foreign journalist, whose report we have adopted, we doubt not but it will add considerably to the general stores of scientific information. Prior to the foundation of the museum of natural history, by Alexander I., a small col lection of this kind, chiefly formed by the care of Count de Strogonoff, and of the ancestors of Mr. Demidoff, already existed at Moscow. This collection contained several curious objects, both in zoology and mineralogy; a herbal by Rudiger, and above twenty volumes of plants, given by Mr. Prowser and Mr. Demidoff. This latter gentleman, whose discoveries in natural history have been preserved by Linnæus himself, has parted with the valuable collection he possessed; he sacrifices it entirely to the improvement of the science. Moreover, to this donation he has added a considerable sum for the encouragement of the professors and students. Prince d'Ouroussoff, animated with equal patriotism, has sent his beautiful collection of minerals to the Imperial Museum, besides some most curious and rare encaustic and mosaic paintings. Another object which adds additional lustre to this museum, is a geographical collection, divided into governments, of all the productions of nature and of art. All these valuable objects have been restored to their original destination, by the care and assiduity of Mr. Fischer. In the space of eight months he has completed, without any assistance, the task which he had undertaken. He has arranged likewise, in systematical order, the Demidoff Museum, which had formerly been open to public use, as well as the Imperial Museum. The order which Mr. Fischer has adopted in the distribution of the different objects, is derived from those methods which are in the highest esteem. The ideas of M. de Lacépède have guided him in classing the birds: the arrangement of the shells is on Lamark's system. In the distribution of insects he has retained the principles of Linnæus, as strictly as the discoveries of Messrs. Latreille, Olivier, Lamark, and others, would allow. In classing the amphibia, the author has consulted the discoveries of Messrs. Lacépède, Al. Brougiard, Dandin, &c. The fishes have been placed according to the system of Linnæus, and the discoveries of Messrs. Cuvier, Lacépède, Bosc, &c. With regard to the minerals, as the knowledge of objects instructs more than the best definitions, this collection is classed agreeably to the exterior characters; the method of the celebrated Werner has been adhered to, without, however, losing sight of the essential connection with the principles of chemistry. One particular room has been allotted to the encaustic and mosaic paintings, given by Prince d'Ouroussoff; with the collection of medals and antiquities. The Demidoff Museum occupies three rooms. The first contains his geognostic col lection, the minerals and precious stones, with partition cases for the shells. The second contains a valuable collection of zoophites, and part of the library. The third contains the other part of the library. The administrators of the museum have formed a museum of comparative anatomy on a very extensive plan. The different organs of motion, sensation, generation, digestion, &c. will be comprehended, either separately, or in connection with the other parts of organized beings, from plants, through all classes, orders and species of animals, to the human. The first number of Mr. Fischer's work contains a description of all the different species of monkies in the Imperial Museum. The author gives an anatomical description of these animals. He has observed two muscles, which have not been ascertained in Mr. Cuvier's comparative anatomy, and which, by marking how far the structure of the monkey differs from that of man, shews a nearer resemblance between the formation of this class of animals and that of others: these muscles are the acromio-atlantian, which has been noticed by Mr. Vicq-d'Azyr, in the Pithecus ; and the capsulary of the arm and of the foot. The method of dividing the ape species into several families, adopted by Messrs. Cuvier and Geoffroy, has been the basis of the division proposed by M. Fischer in his craniology of the apes. He has adopted the same throughout his work, and has moreover been very attentive in introducing those species that were already correctly known. By this means he has given the history of the six families: 1st, the monkeys properly speaking; 2d, the marmozets; 3d, the apes; 4th, the macocos; 5th, the baboons; and, 6th, the alouattes. He determines each family according to its exterior character and anatomical structure; and under every article he places the different species which belongs to each family. In addition to this, he introduces particulars relative to the habits and manners of the animals, and of the climate they inhabit. This pamphlet is ornamented with several engravings. A plan of the museum; the figures of the newly discovered species, such as the cercopithecus Lacepedii; the cranium of the Simia Rosalia; that of the S. capucina; that of the S. nigra; the S. aygula; that of a new and beautiful species, in M. Fischer's possession, the cynocephamis natator; the toes, which are also represented, are connected half way of their length by a membrane; lastly, the galago Demidofii, which will be described in the following number. M. Fischer has given supplementary details relative to compa rative anatomy, which render his work of indispensible necessity to true zoologists. This number contains nine figures: it is printed at Moscow, for C. F. Schildbach, 1806. COUP-D'ŒIL ON AMERICAN AFFAIRS. Extracts of a Letter from America, dated Warburton, Maryland, July 10, 1806. THE whole country hereabouts has been healthy for this last three years-hardly any cases of ague and fever: but in the cherry and fruit times very subject to dysenteries or fluxes, which our physicians know not how to cure so well as the old women. Mr. Merry has been known to me for a number of years, first as a merchant in Malaga, afterwards consul at Malaga, agent for government in Cork, then consul-general in Spain, and chargé des affaires in Spain, where I again knew and saw him; then in London, before going to Copenhagen, and afterwards to Paris, &c. I have great intimacy with, and a high esteem for him ... No tricks-but an open, candid, and honourable negociator, and far better received at our court, than any of his predecessors; and I verily believe has done a great deal more good for his country. He has, however, been included in the general sweep for recall of all foreign ministers! a vile and continued system upon the change of every ministry. You have heard of our purchase, a few years back, of Louisiana. Though not wanting territory, our rulers were led to do it at the expence of 13 millions of dollars, rather than let it pass from Spanish into French hands. It was a purchase of the whole of ancient Louisiana, which was supposed to contain the two Floridas, which were separated from Louisiana by the English, and divided into two governments upon their conquest of that part. We negociated a little to try to have it so, but finding it to no purpose, and fearing the French might obtain a station there, we made another offer to Spain to purchase for two millions of dollars the whole of the Floridas. This proposition is now pending in Madrid (or, probably, by the directors of Madrid, in Paris). We have every hope it will be acceded to. The Hornet sloop of war carried the proposition from New York in twenty-two days to L'Orient, and this day has returned by my house for Washington. She cannot, however, have brought the ultimate dispatches. We had better buy the Spanish out at any reasonable rate, than have a French government or military station in East or West Florida. Already has the purchase of Louisiana, and consequent free navigation of the Mississipi, shewn its benefits to the United States. A vast produce goes downwards all the way from as high as Pittsburgh; and there have been several very fine ships built upon the higher waters, of larger burthen, and as good construction as have sailed from the Chesapeak or Delaware Bay; some of 500 tons burthen, but doomed never to return from whence they went, on account of the down current. They carry produce direct for Europe, and are chiefly owned by the northern and Philadelphia merchants. The consequent increase of Kentucky and the northwestern territory, the Natchees, &c. &c. exceeds common belief: they are progressing much faster than the towns in my vicinity. This purchase of 13 millions of dollars has been made too (as well as that of two millions of dollars for Florida), without a tax of one cent upon the people, upon a funded stock, to which the sales of lands and import duties are fully ample. Yet there are wrongheads here who cabal and contend that the States ought to have gone to war with Spain rather than meanly make such a purchase with money. I have long learnt the lesson, that one man may cause or go to war, but it will take hundreds to procure a peace. This purchase, however, and the strong inducements for purchase in Kentucky and the western country, has drained a number of our inhabitants from these more settled and almost worn out counties-St. Mary's, Charles, Calvert, Prince George's, &c.— We have, however, a good influx of purchasers from Europe, who rather purchase in society, than fight their way through difficulties in the remote back country. There have been several lately with me, and more in the city, which is increasing, though not rapidly. We have had some serious uneasinesses and remonstrances with your country about impressing seamen our citizens, and depredations on our commerce as neutrally passing the seas. I have no doubt but there will be every fair accommodation, and that our speculating merchants have been making unjustifiable covers to enemy's property under the sanction of our neutral Hag England has already yielded up all impressed American seamen, and hundreds have arrived; in one list of published complaints there were near 3000 specified names, where and how taken, &c. &c. Col. Smith (the collector of New York) has been suspended, and the owners and fitters out of General Miranda's ship the Leander are under prosecution for aiding and assisting Miranda in his expedition to the Coast of Carrachas to stir insurrection in South America. England, or at least the English agents, assisted him in the outfit, &c. &c. And it would have been good policy to have given him more open and decided assistance. It is generally thought he will succeed, but there is a sharp look out for him from French as well as Spanish cruizers in the Bay of Mexico. -I know not how they contrive to have a single vessel there. tutes I went to the President's levee on our rejoicing day, 4th July. The contrast of it and what I had seen in four or five European capitals, was matter of much thought and amusement.-Ice creams, ice fruits, confectionary, sweetmeats, cakes, wine, &c. and abundance of cut and uncut pine-apples, were the substifor European graceful bows, high dresses, and respectful distances. The group too a little more motley, but not a whit behind hand in happiness or hilarity.-There was a joining in congratulations on the return of the day which emancipated us from the crimes and follies of Europe, from a dollar in the pound at least of 600 millions sterling. We too shall encounter follies; but if great, they will be short; if long, they will be light; and the vigour of our country will get the better of them. Our harvest is all in and secured hereabouts, later by two or three weeks than usual. A short crop of tobacco; Indian corn flourishing and well; a more abundant crop of wheat, here as well as every where I have heard of, was never known. Rye also abundant, but not a full crop of oats, owing to a cold and dry spring, and a more than usual continued spell of dry weather. Several orders for shiploads of four have been lately executed from England, in consequence of war with Prussia shutting up the Eibe and other ports, and the nefarious project of the Corsican in denying entry to British ships on the continent. We are in alarm here for the probable result of England to let any of our ships go into their ports with our tobaccos, West-India imported cargoes, &c. &c. Our country has progressed, and is progressing in a wonderful degree, and a very few years more will free us of all public debt.The vast resource from sales of back lands, far above the estimate, and the usual duty on all imports, gives a redundant treasury far above the outgoings. Last year there was a repeal of all internal taxes, and this year proves more than what was expected that the external taxes exceeded more than any former year. And such is the benefit resulting from the substituting œconomy for taxation, that after paying off eight millions of the public debt, discharging a heavy foreign debt, making purchases to nearly fifteen millions of dollars as before-mentioned, reducing to a cypher the public internal taxes, and some et ceteras, we have a redundant treasury. It is nevertheless trae, as you well know, that America is not the pleasantest country for the residence of the nonied man, or the man of literature, science, fashion, or poli tesse. |