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Authorities on the Resurrection.

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By Mark, Luke, John and Paul.-These five appearances all took place at or near Jerusalem, upon the first day of the week, the same day on which our Lord arose.

6. To the Apostles, Thomas being present; eight days afterwards at Jerusalem. Only by John.

7. To seven of the Apostles on the shore of the Lake of Tiberias. Only by John.

8. To the eleven and to five hundred other brethren, on a mountain in Galilee. By Matthew and Paul.

9. To James, probably at Jerusalem. Only by Paul.

10. To the eleven at Jerusalem, immediately before the ascension. By Luke in Acts, and by Paul.

NOTE. Besides the usual Harmonies and Commentaries, the following works are of some importance, and have been consulted. J. D. MICHAELIS, Erklärung der Begräbniss-und Auferstehungsgeschichte Christi. Halle 1783.

J. J. GRIESBACH, Inquiritur in fontes unde Evangelistae suas de resurrectione Domini narrationes hauserint. Opuscc. Acad. ed. Gabler, II. p. 241.

Locorum N. T. ad ascensum Christi in coelum spectantium Sylloge. Opuscc. II. p. 471.

J. C. VELTHUSEN, Historia Resurrectionis Christi ex diversis Commentariis contexta. In Velthusen's Commentationes Theol. T. IV. p. 77.

G. F. SEILER, Jesum corpore pariter atque anima in coelum assumtum esse an argumentis possit probari fide dignis. In Velthusen's Commentt. Theol. VI. p. 503.

A. NEANDER, Das Leben Jesu Christi, 3te Ausg. Berlin 1839. K. HASE, Das Leben Jesu, 3te Ausg. Leipz. 1840.

E. W. HENGSTENBERG, Die angeblichen Widersprüche in den Berichten über die Auferstehung Jesu und die Erscheinungen des Auferstandenen. Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, Berlin 1841, No. 62-66. Col. 489-523.

J.. I. DOEDES, Dissertatio Theologica de Jesu in vitam reditu. Traj. ad Rhenum 1841. 8vo.

ARTICLE VIII.

SELECT NOTICES AND INTELLIGENCE.

Works on Biblical Interpretation, Hebrew Grammar, etc.-The fifth and concluding part of the second volume of De Wette's Exegetical Manual of the New Testament, Leipsic 1844, embraces the epistles to Timothy, Titus and the Hebrews. The author intimates, that some time will elapse before the remaining volume, on the epistles of James, Peter and Jude, and on the Apocalypse, will appear. In respect to the authorship of the epistle to the Hebrews, De Wette says, "Of all the conjectures in regard to the author of the epistle, that of Bleek, approved by Luther, which makes Apollos the writer, is certainly the most probable, since of the first Christian teachers known to us, he alone appears to have united in himself the principal characteristics of our author, viz. a Pauline turn of thought, and an Alexandrian acquaintance with the Scriptures, Acts 18: 24. The proof in favor of the wisdom of Apollos from 1 Cor. 1: 17 seq. is uncertain. But all probability fails for the position, that Apollos stood in such a relation to the Palestine Jews as is presupposed in our epistle." The time in which the epistle was written, De Wette concludes to have been in that short interval between the death of James, 62 or 63 A. D., and the Jewish war, 67 A. D. The author highly commends Bleek's Commentary on the epistle, as exhibiting comprehensive and fundamental learning, unwearied industry, a pure love of truth, and solid theological sentiment. "The Commentary of Dr. Tholuck," says De Wette, "has its undeniable excellences, and splendid is the learning, which the author often unfolds. But it might almost seem as if he did this, only to follow out his own favorite thoughts, not to satisfy the reader, whom, while he overwhelms here with a rich abundance, there lets him suffer want and remain destitute of aid in relation to the greatest difficulties of the epistle."

De Wette, as might be expected, decides against the Pauline origin of the three Pastoral Epistles. If a doubt had ever been lisped against their genuineness, it would assuredly come to the ears of this veteran doubter. If the current in Germany seems to be setting in against the Pauline authorship, De Wette would certainly be among the first to throw himself on the tide. Vacillation is with him one of the tests of critical acumen. The difficulties of a subject are always staring him in the face. His mind is one of that peculiar stamp which never allows itself to rest on the arguments in favor of a position, if ingenuity can possibly start a doubt. In this respect, he differs much from Schleiermacher, in whose school

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De Wette on the Pastoral Epistles.

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he has sometimes been placed. That great man, it is true, abandoned soine doctrines without any sufficient reason. But on others, and those pertaining to the essence of Christianity, his mind was perfectly at rest.

The reasons adduced by De Wette against the genuineness of the epiзtles to Timothy and Titus appear to us to be very insufficient. One of them is the difference of words and phrases. The writer uses words not found in Paul's genuine epistles, or employs words in another sense. He writes επιφάνεια instead of παρουσία, δεσπότης instead of κύριος, vyıns and vyıaire in the sense of true doctrine, as well as in antithesis to roosiv, etc. But must the free spirit of the apostle be restricted to a uniform style? May he not have the privilege, common to all profane writers, of employing a term one year, which he will disuse in the following? May not a letter to an individual require a terminology somewhat different from that to a church? Would not Paul suggest topics to such a man as Timothy, which would demand new terms, and which he would not allude to in a letter to the Ephesians? Might not a peculiar phraseology be necessary in describing the character of the Cretans, or the duties to which Titus might be called? And might not the office of an evangelist, travelling in various cities and regions, impose upon Paul the necessity of introducing new subjects and new phraseology, which would not be the case if he were writing to a company of Christians with a fixed abode ?

It has long seemed to us that the Germans are sadly ignorant of some of the most common facts in literary history. Much of their skepticism arises from overlooking these. Because a writer employs one style when he is twenty-five years of age, he must be confined to the same, verbatim et literatim, till he is seventy. Because he has a favorite turn of expression now, it must remain so forever. If he says, at the beginning of a letter, "May grace and peace be multiplied to you," it will destroy his identity, should he begin another epistle with “grace, mercy and peace be with you." The two expressions never could have come from the same writer. But all such assertions are opposed to numberless facts. How unlike is Burke's style in his Essay on the Sublime from that in the Letters on a Regicide Peace. The style of Mr. Bentham's early works, says Sir James Mackintosh, was clear, free, spirited and often seasonably eloquent. Afterwards his style became harsh, obscure and repulsive. Yet according to the German mode of reasoning, "The Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation" could not have proceeded from the same man who wrote "A Defence of Usury."

Another argument of De Wette seems to have as little solid foundation. The frequent recommendations of good works in the three epistles seem to be almost in contradiction to the doctrine of grace as presented in

Paul's genuine epistles. Yet what are the 12th chapter of the epistle to the Romans, and the 5th and 6th in that to the Ephesians, but recommendations of good works? On the other hand, good works are always put in their appropriate place throughout the Pastoral epistles. They are never represented as the ground of justification. It is by God's mercy that we are saved through the washing of regeneration. Besides, these Pastoral epistles are in a great measure personal, or they concern usages and outward forms. They do not profess to discuss the scheme of redemption. They would not be strictly Pastoral epistles if they did.

A New edition of Ewald's Hebrew Grammar has recently appeared. This distinguished scholar commenced the series of his publications in 1823, by his "Komposition der Genesis,” written when he was but twenty years old. His studies have embraced, not only the usual course pursued at the German universities, but a personal examination of oriental Mss. at Paris, Rome, Berlin, England, etc. His lectures include Hebrew Grammar, Literature and Exegesis, also Arabic, Aramaean, Persian and Sanscrit Grammar. He was professor in the university of Göttingen from 1827 to 1837. Since 1838, he has been a professor in the university of Tübingen in the kingdom of Wirtemberg. In his Hebrew and Arabic Grammars, he has adopted the historico-genetic method, pursued by Grimm in his German Grammar and Bopp in the Sanscrit, endeavoring to show how particular grammatical forms originated by the hardening, softening and altering of single sounds or letters, and to point out the laws which the language in the process of its formation followed, and thus assign to each, as far as possible, its original forms. The plan, which the author pursues, is thus stated in one of his prefaces: "The judicious reader will easily perceive that none of the views of former grammarians have been retained, except those which have been proved true after a free and independent investigation, and that nothing which appears new has been added, except what was ascertained by the same investigation, to be founded in the spirit of the language. In order to obtain a vivid apprehension and representation of the language in its true form, I have always investigated it by means of itself without knowing the opinion of former grammarians or assuming their correctness, and therefore it was necessarily indifferent to me, as to the results of my investigations, whether any fact had been observed before or not; I sought nothing old or new."

A very long and able review of Ewald's Hebrew Grammar may he found in Jahn's Leipsic Jahrbücher, Vol. XX, 1837. The writer is Redslob, now, we believe, a teacher at a gymnasium in Hamburg. He takes up the grammar in general and in particular, in its principles and details,

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Redslob's Review-Ewald's last Work.

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and handles it with great acumen and great severity. Among the charges, which he prefers against Ewald, are a want of a logical method, want of exact definition, disuse of the old nomenclature, when it is in every respect unobjectionable, unintelligibility, unwillingness to acknowledge any excellence in preceding writers on Hebrew Grammar, etc. "It is certainly not to be denied," says Redslob, "that Hebrew Grammar has made in late years very decided advances, and no one will deny that the "Critical Grammar," may have contributed greatly to this, but that it has altered the condition of the thing can by no means be maintained; especially would it better become the author, if he would leave others to give him the compliment, rather than proclaim it himself." Ewald's Grammar was published in 1827. But Hupfeld's researches respecting the sounds of the letters date in 1825. His treatise, De Emendanda Lexicographiae Semiticae, was published in 1827. Besides, the Critical Grammar, as Ewald himself acknowledges, found an increasing number of reviewers; these could not have obtained their knowledge of Hebrew from the Critical Grammar.

Redslob's review is well worth a perusal by all Hebrew scholars. Yet it is, in some respects, hypercritical, while it does not acknowledge the distinguished merits of Ewald. No candid judge will refuse him the praise of great acuteness, and rich and profound learning. Many of his remarks are as valuable as they are original. Dr Nordheimer's Grammar owes some of its excellencies to Ewald. His talents do not, fit him to prepare elementary works. He writes for advanced students, and even they must sometimes search in vain for the meaning of his sentences.

Ewald's latest work, which has come to hand, the "History of the Children of Israel," (Geschichte des Volkes Israel bis Christus), is to be included in three volumes. The first only is yet published. He speaks of this work as, in a sense, a continuation of his labors on the poetical and prophetical portions of the Old Testament. He wishes to exhibit in connection a complete view of Jewish antiquity, drawn from his previous studies of the Scriptures, and from other quarters. He first considers the sources of this history under three divisions—the Pentateuch and Joshua, -Judges, Ruth, the books of Samuel and Kings,-Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther. He then describes the country, in itself, in its relations to other countries, and its various inhabitants. He then takes up the history of the ancestors of the twelve tribes, and closes with an account of the residence in Egypt.

A fifth improved edition of Winer's New Testament Grammar has lately appeared; also a third improved and enlarged edition of Wahl's New Testament Lexicon, in 525 pages, 4to. A third edition of Bretschneider's New Testament Lexicon was published in 1840.—The folVOL. IL No. 5.

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