power over us; and if heaven do not interpose and give us more integrity and virtue, and turn back the advancing tide of our political corruption, we shall be destroyed as a nation, if not by the papists, by some other brute force that will come over us as it did over the ancient Roman republic.

ARTICLE IX.

SELECT NOTICES AND INTELLIGENCE.

Biblical and Oriental Works. The fifth, enlarged and corrected edition of Winer's "Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Sprachidioms als sichere Grundlage der neutestamentlichen Exegese,” was published in 1844, in a volume of 733 pages. Every page of this edition, the author remarks, will show that he has striven to come nearer the truth. For many corrections and improvements, he acknowledges himself indebted to the learned commentaries of Fritzsche, of Giessen, Lücke, Meyer and De Wette and to the philological works of Lobeck and Krüger. Winer suggests that this may be the last edition which he may live to bring out. His health, we believe, has been for some time in a precarious state.

Prof. Ewald and Leopold Dukes have published a volume of "Contributions to the History of the most ancient Interpretation of the Old Testament." Dukes seems to be a Jew from Hungary, who has resided some time in Tübengen. He is deeply skilled in the Talmuds and other monuments of Jewish learning. The contents of the volume are an Introduction on the present condition of Old Testament Learning by Ewald; Psalms according to Sadias; Job according to Sadias, Ben Gegatilia and an unknown translator; the oldest investigators in the Hebrew language, embracing some account of the life and works of about fifteen Jewish rabbies and learned men; and, finally, the grammatical works, in about 200 pages, of R. Jehuda Chajjug of Fez, commonly named the prince of grammarians. The pieces are accompanied with introductory remarks and notes. The work is full of curious, and to most scholars, hitherto inaccessible learning. Some of the treatises are printed from MSS. in the Bodleian library.

The second No., Vol. VI. of the "Zeitschrift für d. Kunde des Morgenlandes," contains a Grammar of the Berber language by Francis W. Newman, in about 100 pages. The materials are some MSS. in the possession of the British and Foreign Bible Society, consisting of transla

1845.] Grammars of the Berber and Hebrew Languages.

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tions of the four Gospels and of Genesis into the Berber language This translation was made by the Berber Taleb, under the superinte dence of Wm. B. Hodgson, U. S. Consul at Algiers. Aid was also drawn from the Berber grammar and dictionary published by the Paris Geographical Society, and from the extracts from Venture published by Langlés in his French translation of Hornemann's Travels. The prevailing genius of the language, Mr. Newman remarks, shows it to be of the kind sometimes denominated Hebraeo-African. The mode in which verbs and nouns are formed, the principles of conjugation and declension the apparatus of affixed pronouns, and the structure and order of sentences assimilate it very closely to Hebrew and Arabic. Its use of the participles and its tendency to invert the pronouns in certain cases, show somne affinity to the Amharic language. Its Dative and Accusative pronoun prefixes introduce a complexity which shows the system to be of a native growth, and that what it has in common with the Syro-Arabic nations is not to be imputed to recent changes.

Ewald's new Hebrew Grammar (Ausführliches Lehrbuch der Hebräisches Sprache des Alten Bundes, fünfte Ausgabe) is a volume of 561 pages octavo. The first sixteen pages, after the Preface, are occupied with the paradigms of nouns, pronouns, verbs, particles, suffixes, etc., certainly not copious enough for an elementary work. The next fourteen pages are devoted to an historical survey of the language. In this survey, the author remarks, that we can trace the Hebrew language with certainty 1500 B. C., i. e. to the time of Moses. "The language from the time of Moses down to about 600 B. C. seems to have suffered few changes. For since the structure of the Semitic languages is, in general, somewhat more simple, so is it more unchangeable and fixed than is that of languages of greater culture, e. g. the Sanscrit. Besides, in that period, the Hebrews did not experience those changes which would strongly affect the language. They were never long in subjection to nations of foreign origin, and they lived under their owu free government, much separated from other nations, particularly from all using foreign dialects. Still, there are, certainly, in the oldest passages of the Pentateuch and of the other books some important peculiarities which afterwards disappear, and there are many differences of a kind only unknown to us because a later system of punctation has handled all words in accordance with one single subsequent usage."

Classical Literature. A useful work on the History of Philology has been recently published by Dr. A. Gräfenhan, teacher in the royal gymnasium at Eisleben. It is entitled "Geschichte der Klassischen Philologie im Alterthum." It embraces, so far as published, two octavo volumes

of 547 and 419 pages. The first part includes the History of Classical Philology from the earliest times to the end of the fourth century. This is divided into two periods, first, from the beginning of philology among the Greeks to Aristotle; second, from Aristotle to Augustus Caesar. The Introduction takes up the subjects of language, the art of writing, writing-materials, use of writing, the Homeridae, Rhapsodists, libraries, etc. The subjects treated under the special history of philology are Grammar, Exegesis, Criticism and Erudition. Under the second period, there is a general survey of philology in Greece, Egypt, Asia and Rome. The following statement furnishes an interesting specimen of that love of analysis or methodology so common in Germany. The history of philology may be considered, the author says, 1. in reference to the philological activity of a single nation, e. g. the French; 2. to the studies of a particular period, e. g. since the revival of learning; 3. to some particular school, e. g. Alexandrian, Hermann's, etc.; 4. to some department in philology, e. g. history of grammar; 5. to the attention which philologists have directed to a particular writer, e. g. Literary History of Homer; 6. to the fortunes that have befallen the works of an author, e. g. those of Aristotle; 7. to the history of a particular school, e. g. of Berlin; 8. to the studies of a particular learned man, biographies; 9. to libraries, bibliographies; 10. to miscellaneous particulars, e. g. the influence of philology on other sciences.

Becker's Manual of Roman Antiquities, so far as published, treats, in a volume of 722 pages, of the sources of Roman antiquities and the topography of the city, and in the first Part, (consisting of 407 pages, Vol. II,) of the origin of the Roman State, the different classes of the population and the civil administration under the kings. The first part is accompanied by an admirable plan of the city and four other tables. The author acknowledges himself indebted, on particular topics, to the writings of Huschke, Göttling, Rubino, Clausen, Geib, Rein, Peter, Merkel, etc. He speaks of Adam's Antiquities as a "compilation without plan" of Ruperti's Manual, as a work "in the highest degree hasty and defective;" and of Zeiss's Roman Antiquities as not having fulfilled the promises of its author. The work of Becker is characterized by varied and profound learning, an independent judgment and a mastery of the general subject such as but few can lay claim to, and such as is not often acquired except the powers are excited by strenuous opposition. Becker seems likely not to want stimulus of this kind. His plan of the city gives us the first clear conception of the ancient site and localities which we have ever had. The exact medium has been hit between too much and too little detail. The ancient edifices, etc. are distinguished from the modern by the difference in coloring. Copies of this plan should be hung up in every school-room where the Latin writers are studied.

1845.]

Ahrens on Greek Dialects.-Kiepert's Atlas.

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H. L. Ahrens of Ilfeld, a Göttingen scholar, published in 1839, in a volume of 285 pages, a work on the Æolic and Pseudo-Æolic dialects, and in 1843, in a volume of 586 pages, a treatise on the Doric Dialect. A third volume on the Ionic Dialect is to follow. It was the author's intention to prepare another on the mixed dialects used by the writers of Lyrics and Bucolics. He abandoned this design on learning that Ziegler was preparing an edition of Theocritus from the collation of valuable MSS. found in Italy. The labors of Ahrens seem to be well received by the scholars of Germany. Favorable reviews have appeared in the philological journals published in Göttingen, Darmstadt and Marburg. Böckh, Lachmann and others rendered him special aid. His writings are commended by Ewald in Vol. VI. p. 243, of the Journal for Oriental Knowledge.

We have received the first and second Parts of H. Kiepert's Topographico-Historical Atlas of Greece and of the Hellenic colonies, to which we made a slight reference on p. 194, Vol. II. of this Journal. It is to be embraced in twenty-four separate maps. All are published but the fourth, fifth, fifteenth, sixteenth and twentieth, which will exhibit Greece, with the Asiatic and Thracian colonies at the time of the Pelo ponnesian war, Thessaly, Epirus and Macedonia, the Sporades, Doris, Caria and Lycia. The third Part will also contain an explanation of the Grecian mode of reckoning time with a comparison of other standards, an historical and geographical summary, a justification of the geographical details, a notice of all the sources and authorities employed, etc. It need hardly be said that these maps are the most complete and accurate which have ever appeared on Greece and its islands and colonies. They are executed with all that discrimination, exact knowledge of the best sources and patient assiduity, for which Kiepert has now so wide and just a reputation. The metes and bounds of different countries and provinces are clearly distinguished, the shading is gracefully done, and the whole appearance of the maps is prepossessing. On the corners and margins of some of them, cities and their environs, important districts of country, celebrated battle-fields, etc., are delineated. Kiepert enjoys the advice and assistance of Prof. Karl Ritter in this great undertaking. We hope that the author will give us like inestimable delineations of those parts of Asia, Africa and Europe, known to the ancients, which are not included in the maps of Palestine and Greece.

A carefully prepared and elegantly printed edition of Strabo, accompanied by a critical commentary, has been commenced by Gustav Kramer, director of a gymnasium at Berlin. The first volume only is yet published. It contains a Preface of 94 pages and six books of the geography. Among all the remains of Greek literature, which have come Vov. II. No. 8.

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down to us, none have fared worse than Strabo's Geography. The editio princeps by Aldus, 1516, was printed from a most corrupt MS. The various subsequent editions, down to that edited by Du Theil and others, at the command of Napoleon, seem to have been followed, in various ways, by an extraordinary degree of bad fortune. The young English scholar, Tyrwhitt, is mentioned with special commendation for his acute emendations of many passages. In this state of the matter, Kramer undertook a new edition. Having spent three years in Italy in diligently examining and collating nearly all the Strabonian MSS. found in the public libraries of that country, he proceeded to Paris at the expense of the Prussian government and completed his investigations. The result is that there is no known MS. of the geographer of any value which has not been examined in reference to this edition. The greater part of the preface is taken up in describing the absolute and relative value, the differences, relationship, etc. of the MSS. At the foot of the pages of the text the most important various readings are given.

Miscellaneous.-A volume of Essays and Discourses on the Religions of Man, and the Religion of God, by Dr. Alexander Vinet, Prof. of Theol. in Lausanne, Switzerland, has been recently published by Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, Boston, Mass. The work is translated and accompanied with a valuable Introduction by Rev. Robert Turnbull of Hartford, Conn. The writings of Prof. Vinet are well known and highly appreciated in Germany, France and England, as well as in his native country, and we rejoice that the present volume, so faithfully translated by Mr. Turnbull, has found a rapid and extensive circulation in our own land. The difference between the discourses of the European pulpit and those of our own is so great, as to render it highly profitable for our clergymen to study the sermons of foreign preachers, and still more useful to foreigners, as we think, to be intimate with the standard discourses of our own divines.

Allen, Morrill and Wardwell, of the Andover Press, have published, since our last number was issued, Prof. Stuart's Critical History and Defence of the Old Testament Canon; a volume of Select Treatises of Bishop Hall with "Observations of some Specialities in his Life," edited by Mr. A. Huntington Clapp; and a collection of treatises by Fenelon, George Herbert, Baxter and Campbell on the duties of the Preacher and the Pastor. These volumes were noticed, as in process of publication, in our last number, pp. 600-604.

ERRATA.

Page 764, Note 2 refers to the first paragraph on p. 765. For "popes," second line in Note 1, read princes.-P. 766, fifth line from bottom for "Spicker's read Spieker's.-P. 767, twelfth line from top for "Lochfeld" read Lechfeld. P. 768, third line from bottom for "removing" read renewing.