In these, and other similar passages, there is a virtual ascription of dimensions to the mind, its faculties, and its thoughts, and it is in that that the figure lies.

In some of the most elegant forms of the figure whole actions-expressed by verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions are metaphorized. Thus Shakspeare says of man:

"To-day he puts forth

The tender leaves of hope: to-morrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honors thick upon him :
The third day comes a frost, a killing frost,
And nips his root-and then he falls."

What is a metaphor?

How does it differ from a simile? How

many classes are there? What are they? How is it known what the subjects are to which elliptical metaphors are applied? What is the first characteristic of the figure? What is the second? What is the third? What are the two parts of a metaphorical proposition? Give an example. What is the fourth characteristic? What is the fifth? What is the sixth? What parts of speech are

used by the figure! Which are used most frequently? Give an example in which a noun is used by the figure. Give one in which a verb is used. Repeat one in which an adjective is employed. Give an example of the use of an adverb by the figure. Give an instance of a preposition that is employed metaphorically.

Where does the cæsura fall in the lines from Byron "Above me are the Alps"? Which of the lines begins with a trochee? Where does the pause fall in the lines "High towers old Etna

with his feet deep clad"?

With what feet do the several lines

begin? What is there in the last that gives it a peculiarly fine modulation? Where does the pause fall in the lines from Young "Say, gentle night, whose modest maiden beams"}

LESSONS.

What word is used metaphorically in the following lines?

"All flowers will droop in absence of the sun

That wak'd their sweets."

DRYDEN.

In the following lines, omitting the sixth, two verbs are used by the figure. Which are they? And how many comparisons are there in it?

"As slow our ship her foamy track

Against the wind was cleaving,

Her trembling pennant still look'd back

To that dear isle 't was leaving.
So loth we part from all we love,
From all the links that bind us;

So turn our hearts, where'er we rove,
To those we've left behind us."

MOORE.

In the following lines there is a comparison; and one adjective, one verb, and three nouns, are used metaphorically. Point them

out.

"Sweet are the uses of adversity;

Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,

Wears yet a precious jewel in his head.

And this our life, exempt from public haunt,

Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,

Sermons in stones, and good in everything."

SHAKSPEARE

What metaphors are there in the following lines?

"Up springs the lark,

Shrill voiced and loud, the messenger of morn;

Ere yet the shadows fly, he mounted sings

Amid the dawning clouds, and from their haunts

Calls up the tuneful nations."

THOMSON.

In the first of the following stanzas, addressed to an embalmed body, there are three nouns and one adjective used by the figure; in the second, two nouns, one adjective, two participles, and one verb. Which are they?

"Statue of flesh! immortal of the dead!

Imperishable type of evanescence !

Posthumous man, who quit'st thy narrow bed,
And standest undecayed within our presence;
Thou wilt hear nothing till the judgment morning,

When the great trump shall thrill thee with its warning.

'Why should this worthless tegument endure

If its undying guest be lost for ever?

O, let us keep the soul embalmed and pure
In living virtue; that when both must sever,
Although corruption may our frame consume,
The immortal spirit in the skies may bloom."

CAMPBELL.

The following analysis of the passage will assist the learner in determining what words are used by the figure: The metaphorical words are, statue, immortal, type, bed, tegument, guest, lost,

embalmed, living, and bloom. 1. A statue is an image of the human form, wrought by art, of wood, clay, stone, metal, or some other substance; an embalmed body, therefore, is not a statue, but only resembles one in hardness and durability. It is thence denominated a statue by a metaphor, and an elliptical one, as the direct affirmation of it is omitted. 2. Whatever is immortal

has life, but such a body is without life. It is called immortal, therefore, simply because, like an immortal existence, it is imperishable, or of a nature that precludes decay; that adjective, accordingly, is used by a metaphor in its elliptical form. 3. A type of evanescence is an emblem or representative of it. A body, however, rendered imperishable by embalming, instead of such a type, is an emblem of permanence. It only resembles an emblem of evanescence, therefore, in that in nature and shape it is still a human form, which is naturally perishable. Type is accordingly used by an elliptical metaphor. 4. A bed is an article on which the living sleep; it is by a metaphor, accordingly, that the coffin, sarcophagus, or vault, in which the embalmed body lay, is called a bed, because of the resemblance of its use to that of a bed, and the figure, is in this instance also elliptical. 5. A tegument is a covering of a material thing. As the body is called the tegument of the soul, which is immaterial, the term is used by an elliptical metaphor. 6. A guest is a stranger or visitor, who is received in a dwelling and entertained; but the soul is called the guest of the body, which is its natural residence, because its stay in it, like that of a visitor, was but temporary; and the term is used by an elliptical metaphor. 7. As the soul cannot be literally lost nor embalmed, nor virtue have a literal life, embalmed and living are used by a metaphor, the first and second to signify the preservation of the soul from the destructive consequences and impressions of sin, and the other that virtue should be made active and continuous, like the life of a conscious existence. 8. The spirit cannot literally blossom. The verb bloom is employed by a metaphor to signify that

it may exist in a form, and make manifestations of itself, that in moral beauty and excellence shall resemble the blooming of a plant

or tree.

In the following description of a skull, there are eleven nouns, two adjectives, and one verb, used by the figure. Which are they!

"Look at its broken arch, its ruined wall,
Its chambers desolate, its portals foul:
Yes, this was once ambition's airy hall,
The dome of thought, the palace of the soul;
Behold through each lacklustre, eyeless hole,
The gay recess of wisdom and of wit,

And passion's host, that never brook'd control:
Can all that saint, sage, sophist ever writ,
People this lonely tower, this tenement refit ?"

BYRON.

In the following passage on the passions, there are two nouns used by the figure, one adjective, five verbs, and three participles. There are also two comparisons. Which are they?

"Their breath is agitation, and their life

A storm whereon they ride, to sink at last;
And yet so nursed and bigoted to strife,
That should their days, surviving perils past,
Melt to calm twilight, they feel overcast
With sorrow and supineness, and so die.
Even as a flame unfed, which runs to waste

With its own flickering; or a sword laid by
Which eats into itself, and rusts ingloriously."

What metaphors are there in the following passage?

BYRON.