Egypt that were males, even all 5 Now all the people that came out were circumcised but all the people that were born in the wilderness by the way as they came forth out of Egypt, them they had not circumcised, h 6 For the children of Israel walked forty years in the wilderness, till all the people that were men of war, which came out of Egypt, were consumed, because they obeyed not the voice of the LORD: unto whom the LORD sware that he would not show them the land which the LORD sware unto their fathers that Num. xiv. 33; Deut. i. 3; ii. 7, 14; Psa. xcv. 10.Li Num. xiv. 23. Psa. xcv. 11; Heb. iii. 11.- k Exod. iii. 8.- Num. xiv. 31 Deut. i. 39.- m Heb. when the people had made an end to be circumcised. passover, which was the seal of that covenant. As baptism is generally understood to have succeeded to circumcision, and the holy eucharist to the passover; hence, in the Church of England, and probably in most others, no person is permitted to receive the sacrament of the Lord's Supper till he has been baptized. he would give us, a land that : * 8 And it came to pass, m when they had done circumcising all the people, that they abode in their places in the camp" till they were whole. 9 And the LORD said unto Joshua, This day have I rolled away the reproach of Egypt from off you. Wherefore the name of the place is called Gilgal unto this day. 10. And the children of Israel encamped in Gilgal, and kept the passover on the fourn See Gen. xxxiv. 25. - Gen. xxxiv. 14; 1 Sam. xiv. 6; see Lev. xviii. 3; chap. xxiv. 14; Ezek. xx. 7; xxiii. 3, 8; 1 Mac. iv. 58.-P That is, rolling.— -4 Chap. iv. 19.- -Exod. xii..6; Num. ix. 5. it was low and easily fordable, that he might have the better opportunity to show them that they were under his immediate care and protection; and convince them of his almighty power, that they might trust in him for ever, and not fear the force of any adversaries. In both cases how apparent are the wisdom, power, and goodness of God! Verse 9. The reproach of Egypt] Their being, uncircumcised made them like the uncircumcised Egyptians; and the Hebrews ever considered all those who were uncircumcised as being in a state of the grossest impurity. Being now circumcised, the reproach of uncircumcision was rolled away. This is another from the Egyptians; for they could not have considered those in a state of abomination, from whom they received that rite by which they conceived themselves to be made pure. The Israelites had this rite from Abraham; and Abraham had it from the express order of God himself. See Gen. xvii. 10, and the note there. The place is called Gilgal] A rolling away or rolling off. See the note on chap. iv. 19, where the word is largely explained. Verse 8. They abode in the camp, till they were whole.] This required several days; see the notes on Gen. xxxiv. Sir J. Chardin informs us that when adults were circumcised they were obliged to keep their beds for about three weeks, or at least during that time they are not able to walk about but with great difficulty. The account he had from several renegadoes, who had received circumcision among the Mo-proof that the Israelites did not receive circumcision hammedans. Is it not strange that during this time they were not attacked by the inhabitants of the land, and utterly destroyed, which might have been easily effected? See the case of the poor Shechemites, as related in Gen. xxxiv., with the notes there. Joshua, as an able general, would at once perceive that this very measure must expose his whole host to the danger of being totally annihilated; but he knew that GOD could not err, and that it was his duty to obey; therefore in the very teeth of his enemies he reduced the major part of his army to a state of total helplessness, simply trusting for protection in the arm of Jehovah! The sequel shows that his confidence was not misplaced; during the whole time God did not permit any of their enemies to disturb them. The path of duty is the path of safety; and it is impossible for any soul to be injured while walking in the path of obedience. But why did not God order them to be circumcised while they were on the east side of Jordan in a state of great security? Because he chose to bring them into straits and difficulties where no counsel or might but his own could infallibly direct and save them; and this he did that they might see that the excellence of the power was of God, and not of man. For the same reason he caused them to pass the Jordan at the time that it overflowed its banks, and not at the time when Verse 10. Kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the month] If the ceremony of circumcision was performed on the eleventh day of the month, as many think; and if the sore was at the worst on the thirteenth, and the passover was celebrated on the fourteenth, the people being then quite recovered; it must have been rather a miraculous than a natural healing, We have already seen from the account of Sir. J. Chardin, that it required about three weeks to restore to soundness adults who had submitted to circumcision: if any thing like this took place in the case of the Israelites at Gilgal, they could not have celebrated the passover on the third or fourth day after their circumcision. The apparent impossibility of this led Mr. Harmer to suppose that they kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the second month, the preceding time having been employed in the business of the circumcision. See his Observations, vol. iv., p. 427, &c. Verse 11. They did eat of the old corn of the land] The Hebrew word way abur, which we translate old corn, occurs only in this place in such a sense, if that sense be legitimate. The noun, though of doubtful signification, is evidently derived from y abar, to pass over, to go beyond; and here it may be translated simply the produce, that which passes from the land into the hands of the cultivator; or according to Cocceius, what passes from person to person in the way of traffic; hence bought corn, what they purchased from the inhabitants of the land. On the morrow after the passover] That is, on the fifteenth day; for then the feast of unleavened bread began. But they could neither eat bread, nor parched corn, nor green ears, till the first-fruits of the harvest had been waved at the tabernacle; (see Lev. xxiii. 9, &c.;) and therefore in this case we may suppose that the Israelites had offered a sheaf of the barley-harvest, the only grain that was then ripe, before they ate of the unleavened cakes and parched corn. Verse 12. And the manna ceased-after they had eaten of the old corn] This miraculous supply continued with them as long as they needed it. While they were in the wilderness they required such a provision; nor could such a multitude, in such a place, be supported without a miracle. Now they are got into the promised land, the anathematized inhabitants of which either fall or flee before them, they find an old stock, and they are brought in just at the commencement of the harvest; hence, as there is an ample provision made in the ordinary way of Providence, there is no longer any need of a miraculous supply; therefore the manna ceased which they had enjoyed for forty years. The circumstances in which it was first given, its continuance with them through all their peregrinations in the wilderness, its accompanying them over Jordan, and ceasing as soon as they got a supply in the ordinary way of Providence, all prove that it was a preternatural gift. "On the fourteenth of Nisan they sacrificed the paschal lamb on the fifteenth, i. e., according to our calculation, the same day after sunset, they disposed themselves for eating it, and actually did eat it. On the morrow, the sixteenth, after having offered to God the homer, they began eating the corn of the country; host appears to Joshua. A. M. 2553. B. C. 1451. An. Exod. 1st. 40. Anno ante I. Olymp. 675. 13 And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man. over against him, "with his sword drawn in his hand and Joshua went unto him, and said unto him, Art thou for us, or for our adversaries? 14. And he said, Nay; but as captain of the host of the LORD am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did Dan. x. 13, 21; xii. 1; Rev. w Gen. xvii. 3. Or, prince; see Exod. xxiii. 20; xii. 7; xix. 11, 14. and the seventeenth, the manna ceased to fall from heaven. What supports this calculation is, that the homer or sheaf was offered the sixteenth of Nisan, in broad daylight, though pretty late. Now the manna did not fall till night, or very early in the morning; so that it cannot be said to have ceased falling the same day that the Israelites began to eat of the produce of the country."-Dodd. Verse: 13. When Joshua was by Jericho] The sixth chapter should have commenced here, as this is an entirely new relation; or these two chapters should have made but one, as the present division has most unnaturally divided the communication which Joshua had from the angel of the Lord, and which is continued to ver. 5 of chap. vi.. It is very likely that Joshua had gone out privately to reconnoitre the city of Jericho when he had this vision; and while contemplating the strength of the place, and probably reflecting on the extreme difficulty of reducing it, God, to encourage him, granted him this vision, and instructed him in the means by which the city should be taken. There stood a man over against him] It has been a very general opinion, both among the ancients and moderns, that the person mentioned here was no other than the Lord Jesus in that form which, in the fulness of time, he was actually to assume for the redemption of man. That the appearance was supernatural is agreed on all hands; and as the name Jehovah is given him, (chap. vi. 2,) and he received from Joshua Divine adoration, we may presume that no created angel is intended. And Joshua went unto him] This is a very natural relation, and carries with it all the appearances and characteristics of a simple relation of fact. The whole history of Joshua shows him to have been a man of the most undaunted mind and intrepid courage—a genuine HERO. An ordinary person, seeing this man armed, with a drawn sword in his hand, would have endeavoured to have regained the camp, and sought safety in flight; but Joshua, undismayed, though probably slightly armed, walks up to this terrible person and immediately questions him, Art thou for us or for our adversaries? probably at first supposing that he might be the Canaanitish general, coming to reconnoitre the Israelitish camp, as himself was come out to examine the city of Jericho. Verse 14. But as captain of the host of the Lord am I now come.] By this saying Joshua was both encouraged and instructed. As if he had said, "Fear not; Jehovah hath sent from heaven to save thee and thy people from the reproach of them that would swallow thee up. Israel is the Lord's host; and the Lord of hosts is Israel's Captain. Thou thyself shalt only be captain under me, and I am now about to instruct thee relative to thy conduct in this war." And Joshua-did worship] Nor was he reprehended for offering Divine worship to this person, which he would not have received had he been a crealed angel. See Rev. xxii. 8, 9... Verse 15. Loose thy shoe from off thy foot, &c.] These were the same words which the angel, on Mount Sinai, spoke to Moses; (see Exod. iii. 5–8 ;) and from this it seems likely that it was the same person that appeared in both places: in the first, to encourage Moses to deliver the oppressed Israelites, and bring them to the promised land; in the second, to encourage Joshua in his arduous labour in expelling the ancient inhabitants, and establishing the people in the inheritance promised to their fathers. THERE is scarcely a more unfortunate division of chapters in the whole Bible than that here. Through this very circumstance many persons have been puz 40. Anno ante I. Olymp. 675. zled to know what was intended by this extraordinary appearance, because they supposed that the whole business ends with the chapter, whereas, it is continued in the succeeding one, the first verse of which is a mere parenthesis, simply relating the state of Jericho at the time that Joshua was favoured by this encouraging vision. We may draw two useful reflections from the subjects of this chapter : 1. As the manna had now failed, the people, always greatly addicted to incredulity, might have been led to imagine that God had now given them up, and would be no longer in their armies, had he not given them this strong assurance, that the Angel of his presence should be with them as the guide and protector of the whole camp; for Joshua undoubtedly informed them of the encouragement he had received from the captain of the Lord's host. 2. By this vision he showed them that their help came from himself, and that it was not by human might or power, but by the Lord of hosts, they were to have the victory over all their adversaries; and he gave them the most convincing proof of this in the miraculous destruction of Jericho. By this means he continued to keep them dependent on his arm alone, without which dependence the spirit of religion could not have been preserved among them. CHAPTER VI.. The inhabitants of Jericho close their gates, 1. Continuation of the discourse between the captain of the Lord's host and Joshua. He commands the people to march round the city six days, the seven priests blowing with their trumpets; and to give a general shout, while marching round it on the seventh, and promises that then the walls of the city shall fall down, 2-5. Joshua delivers these directions to the priests and to the people, 6, 7. The priests and people obey; the order of their procession, 8-16. He commands them to spare the house of Rahab, 17, and not to touch any part of the property of the city, the whole of which God had devoted to destruction, 18, 19. On the seventh day the walls fall down, and the Israelites take the city, 20, 21. The spies are ordered to take care of Rahab and her family—the city is burnt, but the silver, gold, brass, and iron, are put into the treasury of the house of the Lord, 22-24. Rahab dwells among the Israelites, 25; and the city is laid under a curse, 26. A. M. 2553. B. C. 1451. An. Exod. Isr." 40. Anno ante I. Olymp. 675. NOW Jericho was straitly a Heb. did shut up, and was shut up. NOTES ON CHAP. VI. Verse 1. Now Jericho was straitly shut up] The king of Jericho, finding that the spies had escaped, though the city was always kept shut by night, took the most proper precaution to prevent every thing of the kind in future, by keeping the city shut both day and night, having, no doubt, laid in a sufficiency of provisions to stand a siege, being determined to defend himself to the uttermost. This is b Chap. ii. 9, 24; viii. 1.- Deut. vii. 24. Verse 2. And the Lord said unto Joshua] the same person who in the preceding chapter is called the captain or prince of the Lord's host, the discourse being here continued that was begun at the conclusion of the preceding chapter, from which the first verses of this are unnaturally divided. I have given into thine hand Jericho, &c.] From ver. 11 of chap. xxiv. it seems as if there had been persons of all the seven Canaanitish nations then in Joshua is commanded to A. M. 2553. B. C. 1451. 3 And ye shall compass the city, | bearing the seven trumpets of An. Exod. Isr. all ye men of war, and go round rams' horns passed on before about the city once. Thus the LORD, and blew with the shalt thou do six days. 40. Anno ante L. Olymp. 675. 4 And seven priests shall bear before the ark seven trumpets of rains' horns: and the seventh day ye shall compass the eity seven times, and the priests shall blow with the trumpets. 5 And it shall come to pass, that when they make a long blast with the ram's horn, and when ye hear the sound of the trumpet, all the people shall shout with a great shout; and the wall of the city shall fall down flat, and the people shall ascend up, every man straight before him. 6 And Joshua the son of Nun called the priests, and said unto them, Take up the ark of the covenant, and let seven priests bear seven trumpets of rams' horns before the ark of the LORD. 7 And he said unto the people, Pass on, and compass the city, and let him that is armed pass on before the ark of the LORD. 8 And it came to pass, when Joshua had spoken unto the people, that the seven priests • See Judg. vi. 16, 22.- Le Num. x. 8. 8 Num. x. 25, A. M. 2553. trumpets and the ark of the I. Olymp. 675. covenant of the LORD followed them. rere 9 And the armed men went before the priests that blew with the trumpets, and the ward came after the ark, the priests going on, and blowing with the trumpets. 10 And Joshua had commanded the people, saying, Ye shall not shout, nor i make any noise with your voice, neither shall any word proceed out of your mouth, until the day I bid you shout; then shall ye shout. 11 So the ark of the LORD compassed the city, going about it once and they came into the camp, and lodged in the camp. 12 And Joshua rose early in the morning, and the priests took up the ark of the LORD. 13 And seven priests bearing seven trumpets of rams' horns before the ark of the LORD, went on continually, and blew with the trumpets and the armed men went before them; : but the rereward came after the ark of the LORD, the priests going on, and blowing with the trumpets. Heb. under it. Heb. gathering host.. -i Heb. make your voice to be heard. k Deut. xxxi. 25. Jericho, who might have come together at this time to help the king of Jericho against the invading Israelites. The Targum intimates that the place was very strong, having "gates of iron and bars of brass; and was shut up so closely that none came out, either to combat or make offers of peace." Verse 3. Ye shall compass the city]. In what order the people marched round the city does not exactly appear from the text. Some think they observed the same order as in their ordinary marches in the desert; (see the note on Num. x. 14, and see the plans, Num. ii. ;) others think that the soldiers marched first, then the priests who blew the trumpets, then those who carried the ark, and lastly the people. 4 Verse 4. Seven trumpets of rams' horns] The Hebrew word 'r yobelim does not signify rams' horns; (see the note on Lev. xxv. 11;) nor do any of the ancient versions, the Chaldee excepted, give it this meaning. The instruments used on this occasion were evidently of the same kind with those used on the jubilee, and were probably made of horn or of silver; and the text in this place may be translated, And seven priests shall bear before the ark the seven jubilee trumpets, for they appear to have been the same kind as those used on the jubilee. Seven times] The time was thus lengthened out that the besiegers and the besieged might be the more deeply impressed with that supernatural power by which alone the walls fell. Verse 5. The wall of the city shall fall down flat] Several commentators, both Jews and Christians, have supposed that the ground under the foundation of the walls opened, and the wall sunk into the chasm, so that there remained nothing but plain' ground for the Israelites to walk over. Of this the text says nothing: The na vyn näin ahoj venaphelah chomath hair tachteyha, literally translated, is, The wall of the city shall fall down UNDER ITSELF; which appears to mean no more than, The wall shall fall down FROM ITS VERY FOUNDATIONS. And this probably was the case in every part, though large breaches in different places might be amply sufficient to admit the armed men first, after whom the whole host might enter, in order to destroy the city. Verse 9. The rereward came after the ark] word measseph, from asaph, to collect or gather up, may signify either the rereward, as our translation understands it, or the people who carried the baggage of the army; for on the seventh day this was necessary, as much fighting might be naturally expected in the assault, and they would need a supply of arms, darts, &c., as well as conveniences for those who might happen to be wounded or the persons here intended might be such as carried the sacred articles belonging to the ark, or merely such people as might follow in the procession, without observing any partieular order. The Jews think the division of Dan' is meant, which always brought up the rear. Num. x. See 15 And it came to pass on the seventh day, that they rose early about the dawning of the day, and compassed the city after the same manner seven times only on that day they compassed the city seven times. 16 And it came to pass at the seventh time, when the priests blew with the trumpets, Joshua said unto the people, Shout; for the LORD hath given you the city. 17 And the city shall be accursed, even it, and all that are therein, to the LORD: only Rahab the harlot shall live, she and all that are with her in the house, because she hid the that we sent. messengers m walls of Jericho fall down. A. M. 2553. B. C. 1451. An. Exod. Isr. 40. Anno ante 18 And 18 And ye, "in any wise keep yourselves from the accursed thing, lest ye make yourselves accursed, when ye take of I. Olymp. 675. the accursed thing, and make the camp of Israel a curse, and trouble it. 19 But all the silver, and gold, and vessels of brass and iron, are consecrated unto the LORD they shall come into the treasury of the Lord. -P Heb. holiness. - Ver. 20 So the people shouted when the priests blew with the trumpets and it came to pass, when the people heard the sound of the trumpet, and the people shouted with a great shout, that the wall fell down 'flat, so that the people went up into the city, every man straight before him, and they took the city. 21 And they utterly destroyed all that was 1 Or, devoted; Lev. xxvii. 28; Mic. iv. 13.- Chap. ii. 4. 1 Kings xviii. 17, 18; Jonah i. 12.n Deut. vii. 26; xiii. 17; chap. vii. 1, 11, 12.- - Chap. vii. 25; 5; Heb. xi. 30. Heb. under it. Verse 14. So they did six days:] It is not likely commanded the Sabbath to be set apart for rest and that the whole Israelitish host went each day round religious purposes, has always authority to suspend for the city. This would have been utterly impossible: a season the operation of merely ceremonial laws, or the fighting men alone amounted to nearly 600,000, to abrogate them entirely, when the purpose of their independently of the people, who must have amounted institution is fulfilled. The Son of man is Lord even at least to two or three millions; we may therefore of the Sabbath. safely assert that only a select number, such as was deemed necessary for the occasion, were employed. Jericho could not have been a large city; and to reduce it could not have required a hundredth part of the armed force under the command of Joshua. It is evident that in the course of these seven days there must have been a Sabbath, and that on this Sabbath the host must have encompassed the city as on the other days: the Jews themselves allow this, and Rab. De Kimchi says, "He who had ordained the observance of the Sabbath commanded it to be broken for the destruction of Jericho." But it does not appear that there could be any breach in the Sabbath by the people simply going round the city, the ark in company, and the priests sounding the sacred trumpets. This was a mere religious procession, performed at the command of God, in which no servile work was done. Therefore Marcion's objection, that the God of the Hebrews showed a changeableness of disposition in commanding the Sabbath to be kept sacred at one time, and then to be broken at another, is without foundation; for I must contend that no breach took place on this occasion, unless it could be made to appear that the day on which Jericho was taken was the Sabbath, which is very unlikely, and which none can prove. But if even this were to be conceded, it is a sufficient answer to all such cavils, that the God who Verse 17. The city shall be accursed] That is, it shall be devoted to destruction; ye shall take no spoils, and put all that resist to the sword. Though this may be the meaning of the word D cherem in some places, see the note on Lev. xxvii. 29, yet here it seems to imply the total destruction of all the inhabitants, see ver. 21; but it is likely that peace was offered to this city, and that the extermination of the inhabitants was in consequence of the rejection of this offer. Verse 19. But all the silver, and gold-shall come into the treasury] The Brahmins will receive from any caste, however degraded, gold, silver, &c. ; .but to receive from Shoodras food, garments, &c., would be considered a great degradation.-Ward. Verse 20. The people shouted with a great shout, that the wall fell down] There has been much learned labour spent to prove that the shouting of the people might be the natural cause that, the wall fell down! To wait here, either to detail or refute any such arguments, would be lost time: enough of them may be seen in Scheuchzer. The whole relation evidently supposes it to have been a supernatural interference, as the blowing of the trumpets, and the shouting of the people, were too contemptible to be used even as instruments in this work, with the expectation of accomplishing it in a natural way. Verse 21. They utterly destroyed—both man, and woman, &c.] As this act was ordered by God himself, who is the Maker and Judge of all men, it must be right: for the Judge of all the earth cannot do wrong. Nothing that breathed was permitted to live; hence the oxen, sheep, and asses, were destroyed, as well as the inhabitants. |