genital

second abdominal segment of the male dragon-fly. It contains the copulating-sac, which previous to union with the female is filled with seminal fluid from the spermatic duct at the end of the abdomen.- Genital nerve, the genital branch of the genitocrural nerve, supplying the cremaster muscle of the male and the round ligament of the uterus of the female.-Genital plate, in echinoderms, one of the perforated plates which give exit to the generative products. Genital products, the immediate produce of any genital gland, male or female-that is, spermatozoa or ova of any kind. - Genital ridge, in embryol., a thickening of connective tissue at the side of the mesentery in the region of the primitive kidney, where the epithelium dips in to form the rudiments of ova.- Genital segments, in entom., the segments of the abdomen which are modified to form accessory pieces of the external generative organs; specifically, in the Hemiptera, the seventh and, when visi ble, the succeeding segments, which are so modified. Genital sinus, in Hydrozoa, the genital chamber (see above).

II. n. See genitals. genitalia (jen-i-tā ́li-ä), n. pl. [L. (sc. membra), neut. pl. of genitalis, genital: see genital, a., genitals.] In zool., the generative organs; the genitals.

The genitalia [of Aspidogaster] form a large part of the viscera, and the structure of the complex hermaphrodite apparatus is... peculiar. Huxley, Anat. Invert., p. 173. genitals (jen'i-talz), n. pl. The sexual organs; especially, the external sexual organs; the genitalia.

Genite (je'nīt), n. One of a sect of the ancient Jews, who in the Babylonish captivity, according to Breidenbargius, refrained from taking strange wives, and therefore claimed to be of the pure stock of Abraham. Also Genist.

He there nameth . . . diuers other sects, if they may beare that name: as the Genites or Genists, which stood vpon their stocke and kindred. Purchas, Pilgrimage, p. 149.

geniting, n. See jenneting. genitival (jen-i-ti'val or jen'i-ti-val), a. [< genitive+al.] Relating or pertaining to the genitive. genitive (jen'i-tiv), a. and n. [= D. genitief = G. Dan. Sw. genitiv, n.; = F. génitif Pr. genitiu Sp. Pg. It. genitivo, <L. genitivus, usually in classical L. spelled genetivus, of or belonging to birth; in grammar, with or without casus, the genitive case (a mistranslation of Gr. YeVIK TOC, the generic or general case, yeVIKós meaning also belonging to the family, also to generation, <yévoc = L. genus), genitus, pp. of gignere, OL. genere, beget, produce: see genital, genus.] I. a. In gram., pertaining to or indicating origin, source, possession, and the like: an epithet applied to a case in the declension of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, etc., which in English is called the possessive case, or to the relation expressed by such a case: as, patris, of a father, a father's,' is the genitive case of the Latin noun pater, a father.

In primitive times, amongst other foul slanders spread against the Christians, one was, that they did adore the genitories of their priests. Bacon, Apophthegms, p. 213. [< gengenito-urinary (jen”i-tō-ūʼri-nā-ri), a. it(al) + urinary.] Same as urogenital.- Genitourinary duct, sinus, etc. See the nouns. genitum (jen'i-tum), n.; pl. genita (-tä). [< L. genitum, neut. of genitus, pp. of gignere, OL. genere, beget: see genital, genus.] In math., a geometrical figure generated by the movement of a point, line, plane, or figure. geniture (jen'i-tür), n. [< OF. geniture, F. géniture Pr. Sp. Pg. It. genitura, < L. genitura, genitus, pp. of gignere, OL. genere, beget: see genital, genus.] 1. In astrol., birth; nativity.

Yes, he's lord of the geniture,

Whether you examine it by Ptolemy's way,
Or Messahalah's, Lael, or Alkindus.

Fletcher (and others), Bloody Brother, iv. 2.
This work, by merit first of fame secure,
Is likewise happy in its geniture;
For since 'tis born when Charles ascends the throne,
It shares at once his fortunes and its own.
Dryden, To Sir Robert Howard.
2. The power of procreation; virility. E. D.
It absumeth the geniture.

Venner, Treatise of Tobacco, p. 416. 3. pl. The genitals. E. D. genius (jë'nius), n.; pl. geniuses, genii (jē ́nius-ez, -nii). [L. genius, the tutelar spirit of a person, spirit, inclination, wit, genius, lit. 'inborn nature' (nature is from the same root), < gignere, L. genere, v gen, beget, produce: see genus.] 1. The ruling or predominant spirit of a place, person, or thing; the power, principle, or infludestiny (supposed by the ancients to be a tuteence that determines character, conduct, or lar divinity, a good spirit, or an evil demon, usually striving with an opposing spirit for the mastery); that which controls, guides, or aids: as, my good genius came to the rescue; his evil genius enticed him. [In this sense and the following the plural is genii.]

Some say, the Genius so Cries, "Come!" to him that instantly must die. Shak., T. and C., iv. 4. The word genii hath by some writers been erroneously adopted for geniuses. Each is a plural of the same word genius, but in different senses. When genius in the singular means a separate spirit or demon, good or bad, the plural is genii; when it means mental abilities, or a person eminently possessed of these, the plural is geniuses. G. Campbell, Philos. of Rhetoric, II. iii. 3.

A fairy shield your Genius made,
And gave you on your natal day.
Tennyson, Margaret.

The Latin genitivus is a mere blunder, for the Greek word genike could never mean genitivus..... Genike in Greek had a much wider, a much more philosophical meaning. It meant casus generalis, the general case, or rather the case which expresses the genus or kind. This is the real power of the genitive. If I say, 'a bird of the water, of the water' defines the genus to which a certain bird belongs; it refers to the genus of water birds. Man of the mountains' means a mountaineer. In phrases such asson of the father or father of the son,' the genitives have the same effect. They predicate something of the son or of the father, and if we distinguished between the sons of the father and the sons of the mother, the genitives would mark the class or genus to which the sons respectively belonged. Max Müller, Sci. of Lang., iii.

Abbreviated gen. genito-anal (jen"i-tō-ā'nal), a. [< genit(al) + anal.] In entom., pertaining to the genitals and the anus: as, the genito-anal ring. genitocrural (jen i-tō-kröʻral), a. [< genit(al) +crural.] Pertaining to the genitals and to the thigh specifically applied to a branch of the second lumbar nerve which passes through the psoas muscle and is distributed to the genitals and parts of the thigh. Its two main divisions are the genital and crural branches or

nerves.

geniton (jenʼi-ton), n. Same as jenneting. Dorothy gave her the better half of an imperfect geniton apple. S. Judd, Margaret, ii. 1. genitor (jen'i-tor), n. [= F. géniteur = Sp. Pg. genitor It. genitore, L. genitor, < genitus, pp. of gignere, OL. genere, beget, produce: see gen

After the third century, even the artistic type of the Lecky, Europ. Morals, I. 344.

His [Shakspere's] evil angel, rhyme, yielding step by step and note by note to the strong advance of that better genius who came to lead him into the loftier path of Marlowe. Swinburne, Shakespeare, p. 32.

2. A disembodied spirit regarded as affecting human beings in certain ways, but not as connected with any one individually.

The Abyssinians, to a man, are fearful of the night, unwilling to travel, and, above all, to fight in that season, when they imagine the world is in possession of certain genii, averse to intercourse with men.

Bruce, Source of the Nile, II. 26. 3. A type or symbol; a concrete representative, as of an influence or a characteristic; a generic exemplification.

I do remember him at Clement's Inn, like a man made nius of famine.

after supper of a cheese-paring: ... he was the very ge

Shak., 2 Hen. IV., iii. 2.

A golden lizard- the very genius of desolate stillnesshad stopped breathless upon the threshold of one cabin.

Bret Harte, Baby Sylvester (Tale of the Argonauts).

4. Prevailing spirit or inclination; distinguishing proclivity, bent, or tendency, as of a person, place, time, institution, etc.; special aptitude or intellectual quality; intrinsic characteristic or qualification: as, a genius for poetry, or for diplomacy; the genius of Christianity, of the Elizabethan period, of the American Constitution, of the Vatican.

astery, they into a Nunnery. This does not suit with the

Taking with him his two Sisters, he retired into a Mon

Genius of an Englishman, who loves not to pull off his Clothes till he goes to bed. Howell, Letters, I. iii. 11.

genius

Every age has a kind of universal genius, which inclines those that live in it to some particular studies. Dryden, Essay on Dram. Poesy. No woman can despise them [ceremonies] with impu nity. Their genius delights in ceremonies, in forms, in decorating life with manners, with proprieties, order, and Emerson, Woman. grace.

It is this tendency on the part of the collective speakers of a language to approve or reject a proposed change according to its conformity with their already subsisting usages that we are accustomed to call by the fanciful name "the genius of a language."

Whitney, Encyc. Brit., XVIII. 776. Human nature has a much greater genius for sameness than for originality. Lowell, Study Windows, p. 63.

5. Exalted mental power distinguished by instinctive aptitude, and independent of tuition; phenomenal capability, derived from inspiration or exaltation, for intellectual creation or expression; that constitution of mind or perfection of faculties which enables a person to excel others in mental perception, comprehension, discrimination, and expression, especially in literature, art, and science.

By genius I would understand that power, or rather those powers of the mind, which are capable of penetrating into all things within our reach and knowledge, and of distinguishing their essential differences. Fielding, Tom Jones, ix. 1. Genius always imports something inventive or creative. H. Blair, Rhetoric, iii. We owe to genius always the same debt, of lifting the curtain from the common, and showing us that divinities are sitting disguised in the seeming gang of gypsies and peddlers. Emerson, Works and Days. Talent is that which is in a man's power; genius is that in whose power a man is. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 356. 6. A person having such mental power; a person of general or special intellectual faculties developed in a phenomenal degree. [In this sense the plural is geniuses. It was formerly also genii.]

Homer was the greater genius, Virgil the better artist. Pope, Iliad, Pref. The true genius is a mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to some particular direction. Johnson.

In building that house, he won for himself, or for the nameless genius whom he set to work, a place in the history of art. E. A. Freeman, Venice, p. 141. Genius loci. [L.] The presiding divinity of a place; hence, the pervading spirit of a place or an institution, as of a college. See def. 1.-Syn. 5. Abilities, Gifts, Talents, Parts, Aptitude, Faculty, Capacity, Genius, Ingenuity, Cleverness, all indicate special or excellent power for doing work that is more or less intellectual. Abilities is the most general and common word for intellectual pow. ers of the active sort, intellectual competence to do effective work; abilities are always either acquired or developed. (See ability.) Gifts are strictly endowments, or abilities regarded as conferred by the Creator. (See acquirement.) Talents comes to the same idea, its Biblical origin (Mat. xxv. 14-30) making the powers seem primarily intrusted to one for use, or at least given like money. Parts is regaining its former popularity and dignity, which it lost for a time; in the last century it stood for talents or gifts, excellent or superior endow. ments: as, he is a man of parts, or he is a man of good natural parts, the latter perhaps implying a failure to develop one's gifts. Aptitude is either natural bias or special fitness or skill; it may be native talent or disciplined ability. Faculty is cultivated aptitude, a highly trained power of doing something. The distinction between a faculty for and the faculty of should be noticed, the former being the kind of faculty now under consideration and the latter a bodily faculty, as the faculty of speech, hearing, etc. Capacity is receptive power: as, capacity to learn; it is a power of acquiring. "It is most remarkable in the different degrees of facility with which different men acquire a language." Sir J. Mackintosh. (See ability.) Genius is extraordinarily developed faculty, in many directions or in one; it is especially the creative power of original conceptions and combinations; it belongs with talents or gifts in seeming primarily bestowed, not acquired, and it includes capacity and aptitude in their highest forms. Ingenuity is lower than genius, in seeming cultivated, not bestowed, in seeming less superhuman or phenomenal, and often in serving less exalted purposes: as, the ingenuity of the mechanic, of the rhetorician, of the sophist. Cleverness is still lower, being a sort of mental dexterity, which is evinced in facility in learning or felicity in expression; it may be a merely manual dexterity. (See quotation from Coleridge under cleverness.) It should be noticed that all these words, except parts, may be used in the singular for skill or power or natural bent in some particular direction: as, ability in debate, a talent for drawing, the gift of conversation, an aptitude for scientific research, ingenuity in argument, etc. See wisdom and astute.

As we advance in life, we learn the limits of our abilities. Froude, Short Studies on Great Subjects, II. 313. Conversation in its better part

May be esteem'd a gift, and not an art.
Cowper, Conversation, 1. 4.

The man of talents possesses them like so many tools, does his job with them, and there an end; but the man of genius is possessed by it, and it makes him into a book or a life according to its whim.

Lowell, Fireside Travels, p. 64. All my endeavors to distinguish myself were only for want of a great title and fortune, that I might be used like a lord by those who have an opinion of my parts; whether

genius

right or wrong is no great matter. And so the reputation of wit and great learning does the office of a riband or a coach and six. Swift, To Bolingbroke. That his style was no easy acquisition (though, of course, the aptitude was innate), he [Dryden] himself tells us. Lowell, Among my Books, 1st ser., p. 30.

For, above all things, he had what we Yankees call fac ulty-the knack of doing everything.

G. W. Curtis, Int. to Cecil Dreeme, p. 12. As the sum and crown of what is to be done for technical education, I look to the provision of a machinery for winnowing out the capacities and giving them scope. Huxley, Tech. Education. Sir Isaac Newton and Milton were equally men of Ge. nius. Sir Robert Walpole and Lord Godolphin were ministers of great abilities, though they did not possess either the brilliant talents of Bolingbroke or the commanding genius of Chatham. Sir J. Mackintosh.

There is also another species of genius we call ingenuity, or the inventive faculty, which frequently accompa níes or takes the place of the higher flights of genius, that

meantime lies idle, or fallow, to recruit its powers.

Jon Bee, Essay on Samuel Foote. Patience and tenacity of purpose are worth more than twice their weight of cleverness.

Huxley, Critiques and Addresses, p. 58. genleset, genteset, n. [The form genlese is no doubt wrong; the origin of gentese is uncertain.] An old architectural term of doubtful form and meaning: said by the Oxford Glossary to have been applied by William of Worcester apparently to the cusps or featherings in the arch of a doorway. gennet1, n. See jennet1. gennet24, n. See genet2. Genoa velvet. See Genoese velvet, under Genogenoblast (jen'o-blåst), n. [NL., Gr. yévos, sex, Bhaorós, germ.] The bisexual nucleus of an impregnated ovum, regarded as composed of a female part, feminonucleus, and of a male part, masculonucleus; a maritonucleus. H. D. Minot, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX. 170.

ese.

genoblastic (jen-o-blas'tik), a. [genoblast + -ic.] Germinating as a result of union of sexual elements; gamogenetic; pertaining to a genoblast. See the extract.

This author [E. Van Beneden] . . . suggests that the peripheral pronucleus is probably partially formed of spermatic substance, that the central pronucleus is female, and that the segmentation nucleus is a compound body resulting from the union of these two, and is probably, therefore, bisexual. This statement includes all the basal facts of the genoblastic theory.

A. Hyatt, Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXI. 336. Genoese (jen-ō-es' or -ēz'), a. and n. [< Genoa +-ese; cf. F. Génois, It. Genovese, < It. Genova, <L. Genua, Genoa. The plural was formerly also Genoeses. Cf. Genoway.] I. a. Relating or pertaining to Genoa, a city of northwestern Italy, or to the republic of Genoa constituted by its citizens, existing from the tenth century till 1797, and very powerful in the middle ages. -Genoese embroidery, needlework done on fine linen or cotton, with outlines of thin cord and buttonholestitch, parts of the material being cut away and the openings filled with wheels and other simple patterns.-Genoese velvet, a rich fabric of which the pattern is in velvet pile and the background flat and smooth, of silk or silk

to Genoa. Also called Genoa velvet.

=

and gold. The manufacture of this velvet is not peculiar II. n. sing. and pl. An inhabitant or a native, or the people, of Genoa. Also Genovese. genouillère (zhė-nö-lyãr′), n. [F., < génou, < L. genu E. knee.] 1. Milit.: (a) The kneepiece, of hammered iron, introduced toward the close of the thirteenth century, and worn at first over the chausses of mail, being held in place by a strap passing round the leg, and consisting at first of a dish-shaped or slightly pointed roundel. (b) An articulated piece forming a part of the jambe or of the cuissart in the fourteenth and century, later furnished with large wings which projected backward on each side of the knee-joint.-2. In fort.: (a) The part of the interior slope of the parapet below the sill of an embrasure, serving to cover the lower part of the gun-carriage. (b) The height of the parapet above the banquette in a barbette battery.

Genouillère, middle of 13th century. (From Viollet-le-Duc's "Dict. du Mobilier français.")

2488

-genous. [(1) < LL. -genus, -a, -um, or as noun or adj. of one term., < L. -gena, m., -born, as in indigenus, indigena, native, indigenous, amnigena, river-born, montigena, mountain-born, etc.: see -gen. (2)-gen + -ous, as in acro-gen-ous, nitrogen-ous.] 1. The terminal element in some words of Latin origin, meaning '-born,' as in indigenous, born within a country, amnigenous, river-born, montigenous, mountain-born, etc.2. The termination of adjectives from nouns in -gen, as in acrogenous, nitrogenous, etc. Genovese (jen-o-ves' or -vez'), a. and n. [ME. Genevayse; < It. Genovese, < Genova, Genoa: see Genoese.] Same as Genoese. [Rare.]

Being but a Genovese,

I am handled worse than had I been a Moor. Tennyson, Columbus. Genowayt, n. [Early mod. E. also Genowey, Genowaie, etc. (and as an existing surname Janeway, Jannaway, Jannay, Janney), ME. Janewey, Januaye, Januey, usually in pl. Janeweys, Januayes, etc., orig. also sing., Genevayse, etc., a Genoese, a merchant engaged in the Genoese trade, <It. Genovese, a Genoese, < Genova, Genoa: see Genoese, Genovese.] A Genoese.

John Dory (a Genowey, as I conjecture).

R. Carew, Survey of Cornwall (1602), p. 135. Ambrose Grimani, a Genowaie, lying in garrison in the isle and city of Chio. Grimeston, Goulart, G g 1. (Nares.) genre (zhon'r), n. [F., kind, genus, mode, style, etc.; particularly in the arts, with a distinct epithet; L. genus (gener-), kind: see genus and gender, n.] 1. Genus; kind; sort; style. [Rare.] The prodigious wealth of our language in beautiful works of this genre is almost unknown. S. Lanier, Sci. of Eng. Verse, p. 245. 2. In painting, specifically, a representation of some phase of common life, as a domestic interior, a rural or village scene, etc. The term is sometimes used in the same sense with reference to sculpture and the drama. In French it is also applied with a descriptive epithet to other kinds of painting, as genre historique, the historical style; genre du paysage, the landscape style. In English writing it is most commonly used in combination as a descriptive term, either with or without a hyphen: as, genre pictures; a genre-painter. There are comic and genre pictures of parties.

J. F. Clarke, Ten Great Religions, vi. 1. Only within these few centuries has painting been divided into historical, landscape, marine, architectural, genre, animal, still-life, etc. H. Spencer, Universal Progress, p. 22. His subjects, too, were no longer the homely things of the genre-painter. Encyc. Brit., XXIV. 569. gens (jenz), n.; pl. gentes (jen'tēz). [L., a clan or family (see def.), a race, nation, people, <

gen in gignere, OL. genere, beget, produce, genus, a race, kind, allied to E. kin and kind: see genus, kin, kind, n.] 1. In ancient Rome, a clan or house embracing several families claiming descent from a common ancestor, united by a common name and by certain religious rites and legal privileges and obligations, but not necessarily by consanguinity: as, the Fabian gens, all bearing the name Fabius; the Julian gens, all named Julius; the Cornelian gens, etc. Hence-2. In historical and ethnological use, a tribe or clan; any community of persons in a primitive state of society constituting a distinct or independent branch of a general aggregate or race.

The union of the gentes or nations is temporary and occasional only; when the emergency is over each tribal ruler is independent as before. Stubbs, Const. Hist., § 22. There was nothing between the worship of the Household and the worship of the Gens. W. E. Hearn, Aryan Household, p. 141.

gent1+ (jent), a. [<ME. gent, <OF. gent, F. gent =Pr. gent=OSp. gento, Olt. gente, pretty, fine, abbr., with recession of accent, from L. gentilis, gentle, etc.: see gentle, genteel, gentry, jaunty.] 1. Noble; gentle.

genthite

as "1st Gent.," "2d Gent.," etc.] An abbreviation of gentleman. [Vulgar; in literary use, humorous or colloquial.]

And behold, at this moment the reverend gent enters from the vestry. Thackeray, Newcomes, xliv. The thing named "pants" in certain documents, A word not made for gentlemen, but gents.

O. W. Holmes, Urania. genteel (jen-tel'), a. [In this form first found in the 17th century, being an E. adaptation of gentile pronounced as in the contemporary F. gentil, m., gentile, f. (the i pron. as E. ee), gentle, affable, courteous (see gentile, a., 4); another form in imitation of the F. pron. was jantee, janty, now jaunty. From the OF. form of the same word is reg. derived the E. gentle, while gentile, except in the obs. sense 'genteel,' is directly from the L. See gentle, gentile, genty, jaunty.] 1. Polite; well-bred; decorous in manners or behavior; refined: as, genteel company.

The colony [New Haven] was under the conduct of as holy, and as prudent, and as genteel persons as most that ever visited these nooks of America. C. Mather, Mag. Chris., i. 6. A genteel man, brother of the Caimacam of Girge, came to see me, whom I had seen at the Aga's. Pococke, Description of the East, I. 123. Isn't he a handsome man? - tell me that.- A genteel man? a pretty figure of a man? Sheridan, The Rivals, iv. 2.

2. Adapted to, suitable for, or characteristic of polite society; free from vulgarity or meanness in appearance, quality, amount, etc.; elegant; becoming; adequate: as, genteel manners; a genteel address; genteel comedy; a genteel income or allowance.

[Mercier] soon returned and took a house in Covent garden, painting portraits and pictures of familiar life in a genteel style of his own, and with a little of Watteau. Walpole, Anecdotes of Painting, IV. iii. Whoever supposes that Lady Austen's fortune is precarious is mistaken. I can assure you... that it is both genteel and perfectly safe. Cowper. The crowd was insupportable, and . . . there was not a genteel face to be seen. Jane Austen, Northanger Abbey, p. 20.

3. Fashionable; stylish; à la mode. 'Tis the most genteel and received wear now, sir. B. Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, i. 1. Do now send a genteel conveyance for them; for, I assure you, they were most of them used to ride in their own carriages. Sheridan, School for Scandal, iv. 1. He endeavors hard to make rascality genteel, by converting rascals into coxcombs.

Whipple, Ess. and Rev., II. 112.

Genteel business (theat.). See business. The genteel, that which is genteel; the manners of well-bred or fashionable society; "the fashionable."

Mr. Adams, delightful as he is, has no pretension to "the genteel.' R. L. Stevenson, Some Gentlemen in Fiction.

Syn. Genteel, Polite, well-mannered, polished. Genteel refers to the outward chiefly; polite to the outward as Genan expression of inward refinement and kindness. teel has latterly tended to express a somewhat fastidious

pride of refinement, family position, and the like. Genteel is often largely negative, meaning free from what is low, vulgar, or connected with the uncultivated classes; polite is positive and active, meaning that one acts in a certain way. Polite has, however, a passive meaning, that of 'polished': as, polite society, polile literature. See polite. genteelize (jen-tēl'iz), v. t.; pret. and pp. genteelized, ppr. genteelizing. [ genteel + -ize.] To render genteel. [Rare.]

A man cannot dress but his ideas get cloth'd at the same time; and if he dresses like a gentleman, every one of them stands presented to his imagination genteelized along with him. Sterne, Tristram Shandy, ix. 13.

genteelly (jen-tel'li), adv. In a genteel manner; in the manner of well-bred people.

Most exactly, negligently, genteelly dress'd!

Steele, Grief A-la-Mode, ii. 1.

2. Neat; slender; elegant.

3.

Fair was the yonge wyf, and ther withal
As eny wesil hir body gent and smal.

Chaucer, Miller's Tale, 1. 48. Her middle was both small and gent.

genteriet, genteriset, n. Middle English forms of gentry. Chaucer. gentes, n. Plural of gens. genteset, n. See genlese. genthite (gen'thit), n. [After a mineralogist, Dr. F. A. Genth of Pennsylvania (born 1820).] A hydrous silicate of nickel and magnesium, occurring in amorphous stalactitic incrusta

are frequently substituted for it. The more common American gentians are the fringed gentian (G. crinata), with showy sky-blue, delicately fringed corollas, and the closed gentian (G. Andrewsii) and soapwort-gentian (G. Saponaria), both with nearly closed corollas.

More sad than cheery, making in good sooth, Like the fringed gentian, a late autumn spring. Lowell, Legend of Brittany, i. 16. False gentian, Pleurogyne Carinthiaca, a gentianaceous plant of Europe, northern Asia, and western North America.-Horse-gentian, Triosteum perfoliatum, a caprifoliaceous plant of North America, with a bitter root.Spurred gentian, Halenia deflexa, a gentianaceous plant of North America, the corolla of which has 4 or 5 spurs. Gentiana (jen-shi-an'a or -a'nä), n. [L., gentian: see gentian.] A genus of plants, the type of the order Gentianacea. They are perennial or

180 species, found in the mountains and temperate re

annual herbs, with opposite, entire, and glabrous leaves, and usually showy, bright-colored flowers. There are about gions of the northern hemisphere, throughout the Andes, and very sparingly in Australia and New Zealand; over 40 are natives of the United States. The flowers are usually blue, but are sometimes yellow, white, or (in the Andes) red. All the species are characterized by an extremely bitter principle, without astringency or acridity, on which account the roots of various species, especially of the European G. lutea, are used in medicine as a tonic. See gentian.-Gentiana blue. Same as spirit-blue. Gentianacea (jen-shia-na'se-e), n. pl. [NL., <Gentiana + -aceæ.] A natural order of gamopetalous exogens, including about 50 genera and 500 widely distributed species. smooth bitter herbs, with mostly opposite, entire, and sessile leaves, regular flowers, and a usually one-celled capsule with numerous small seeds. Besides the typical genas, Gentiana, the other principal genera are Lisianthus, Swertia, and Erythraea. The order also includes the familiar genera Sabbatia and Frasera, and the bog-bean, Menyanthes, which is remarkable in the order for its alternate, petiolate, and mostly trifoliolate leaves.

They are

gentianaceous (jen-shia-na'shius), a. Pertaining or belonging to the Gentianacea. gentianal (jen'shian-al), a. [< gentian + al.] Pertaining to the gentians, or to the Gentia

nacea.

gentian-bitter (jen'shian-bit"ėr), n. A more or less pure gentiopierin. gentianella (jen-shia-nel'ä), n. [NL., dim. of L. gentiana, gentian: see gentian.] 1. A common name for Gentiana acaulis, a dwarf perennial species of the Alps, bearing large, beautiful, intensely blue flowers.-2. A particular shade of blue.

gentian-spirit (jen'shian-spirit), n. An alcoholic liquor produced by the vinous fermentation of an infusion of gentian. It is much drunk by the Swiss. Imp. Dict. gentianwort (jen'shian-wert), n. A plant belonging to the order Gentianacea. gentilt, a. and n. A Middle English form of

gentle.

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gentile (jen'til or -til), a. and n. [In defs. 1, 2, 3 directly from L.; in def. 4 from F. gentil, m., gentile, f., gentile, also, formerly, genteel, gentle (see genteel, gentle), Sp. gentil Pg. gentió It. gentile, gentile, < L. gentilis, of or belonging to the same gens or clan, of or belonging to the same nation or people, pl. gentiles, foreigners as opposed to Romans, in LL. opposed to Jewish or Christian, the heathen, pagans, with sing. gentilis, a heathen, < gen(t-)8,

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a tribe, family, clan: see gens.] I. a. 1. Of or belonging to a gens or clan; of the same clan or family.

Another result [of Solon's policy] was to increase the number of people who stood outside those gentile and phratric divisions which were concomitants of the patriarchal type and of personal rule.

H. Spencer, Prin. of Sociol., § 488.

The Agnatic Gentile groups, consisting of all the descendants, through males, of a common male ancestor, began to exist in every association of men and women which held together for more than a single generation. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 287, note A. 2 (in this sense only jen'til). In Scrip., belonging to a non-Jewish nation; pertaining to a heathen people: in the United States, applied by the Mormons to persons not of their church. [Commonly with a capital letter.]

Now again is there a positive nucleus of Gentile influence ... renewed in the city [Salt Lake].

S. Bowles, Our New West, p. 209. 3. In gram., expressing nationality, local extraction, or place of abode; describing or designating a person as belonging to a certain race, country, district, town, or locality by birth or otherwise: as, a gentile noun (as Greek, Arab, Englishman, etc.); a gentile adjective (as Florentine, Spanish, etc.).-4t. Worthy of a gentleman; genteel; honorable. See genteel, gentle. We make art servile, and the trade gentile (Yet both corrupted with ingenious guile), To compass earth, and with her empty store To fill our arms, and grasp one handful more. Quarles, Emblems, ii. 2. Till at last the greatest slavery to sin be accounted but good humour, and a gentile compliance with the fashions Stillingfleet, Sermons, I. ii. For Plotinus, his deportment was so gentile, that his audience was compos'd of a confluence of the noblest and most illustrious personages of Rome. Bp. Parker, Platonick Philos., p. 31.

of the world.

=Syn. 2. See gentile, n. II. n. 1. A member of a gens or clan. The Agnati were a group of actual or adoptive descendants, through males, from a known and remembered ancestor; the Gentiles were a similar group of descendants from an ancestor long since forgotten.

Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 283, note A.

2 (jen'til). In Scrip., one belonging to a nonJewish nation; any person not a Jew; a heathen; sometimes, in later writings, one who is neither a Jew nor a Christian. [Commonly with a capital in this use and the next.]

In the beginning of Christianity, the Fathers writ Contra gentes, and Contra Gentiles, they were all one: But after all were Christians, the better sort of People still retain'd the name of Gentiles, throughout the four Provinces of the Roman Empire. Selden, Table-Talk, p. 52.

3 (jen'til). Among the Mormons, one who is not of their church.-4. In gram., a noun or an adjective derived from the name of a country or locality, and designating its natives or people: as, the words Italian, American, Athenian, are gentiles. Syn. 2. Gentile, Barbarian, Pagan, Heathen. A barbarian was to the Greeks a foreigner, especially one of alien speech; in the New Testament the word seems to mean a stranger or foreigner, but in Rom. i. 14 one not a Greek, and therefore not cultivated. Pri

marily, a Gentile, or the word of which it was a translation, signified to the Jews one not a Jew, but later one who was neither Jew nor Christian, or, from the Roman standpoint, one not a Roman. Pagan and heathen are primarily the same in meaning; but pagan is sometimes distinctively applied to those nations that, although wor

shiping false gods, are more cultivated, as the Greeks and

of Africa.

Romans, and heathen to uncivilized idolaters, as the tribes A Mohammedan is not counted a pagan, much less a heathen. See infidel.

Glory, honour, and peace, to every man that worketh good, to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile. Rom. ii. 10. The long struggle between the habits, manners, and moral sentiments of the barbarians and the totally oppo

site characteristics of Roman life.

Stille, Stud. Med. Hist., p. 41.

I'd rather be

gentility

her mistresse of most gentilesses, and teach her the most witty and subtile discourses, to serve her upon all occasions. Comical Hist. of Francion (1655). gentilisht (jen'til-ish), a. [< gentile + -ish1.] Heathenish; pagan.

I cannot but yet furder admire, on the other side, how any man, ... being a Christian, can assume such extraor dinary Honour and Worship to himself, while the Kingdom of Christ our common King and Lord is hid to this World, and such gentilish imitation forbid in express words by himself to all his Disciples. Milton, Free Commonwealth. [= Sp. Pg. gentilisgentilism (jen'til-izm), n. mo; as gentile + -ism. The state or character of being gentile or a gentile; formerly, hea

thenism; paganism; the worship of false gods.

A free Commonwealth. . . plainly commended, or rather enjoin'd by our Saviour himself, to all Christians, not without remarkable disallowance, and the brand of Gentilism upon Kingship. Milton, Free Commonwealth.

A proselyte could not be admitted from gentilism or idolatry, unless he gave up his name to the religion. Jer. Taylor, Works (ed. 1835), II. 408.

gentilitial (jen-ti-lish'al), a. Same as gentilitious.

It will ... be found upon examination that, according to the historians, the public devotion was principally directed towards gentilitial, tutelary, and local deities.

Farmer, Worship of Human Spirits, iii. § 1. Pathros, the local name, from which the gentilitial noun "Pathrusim" is formed, occurs frequently in the writings of the Jewish prophets, where it designates, apparently, a district of Egypt. G. Rawlinson, Origin of Nations, ii. 218. gentilitious (jen-ti-lish'us), a. [= Sp. gentilicio, L. gentilitius, more correctly gentilicius, belonging to a particular clan or gens, also national, gentilis: see gentile.] Pertaining to a gens or aggregate family; peculiar to a gens, people, or nation.

Nor is it proved or probable that Sergius changed the name of Bocca di Porco, for this was his sirname or gentilitious appellation. Sir T. Browne, Vulg. Err., vii. 16. Sir Thomas Browne uses with effect the argument that a mixed race cannot have a national smell. Among a mongrel people, he contends, no odor could be gentilitious. P. Robinson, Under the Sun, p. 306. gentility (jen-til'i-ti), n. [<ME. gentylete, <OF. gentilite, gentle birth, F. gentilité Sp. gentilidad Pg. gentilidade It. gentilità, heathenism, < L. gentilita(t-)s, relationship in the same gens, LL. heathenism, < gentilis, gentile: see gentile, gentle.] 1. The quality or state of belonging to a certain gens, clan, or family; gentile relationship or stock. [Obsolete or archaic.]

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The surname is the name of the gentilitie and stocke, which the sonne doth take of the father alwaies, as the old Romans did. Sir T. Smith, Commonwealth, iii. 8. "Prohibition of marriage would surely endanger" the gentility of the nation. N. and Q., 7th ser., IV. 185. The grammarian observes that there is a certain agnation and gentility among words. All the cases of the noun

Emilius are descended from the nominative, just as all the members of the gens Emilia, all the Emilii, are descended from a single original Emilius. [Varro, De Linguâ Latina, viii. 4.] The Romans, therefore, regarded gentility as a kinship among men not essentially different from agnation. Maine, Early Law and Custom, p. 283, note A. 2+. Noble or gentle birth.

Hy ham yelpeth of hare gentyleté, uor thet hy weneth by of gentile woze [They boast of their gentility, for they think to be of gentle blood).

Ayenbite of Inwyt (E. E. T. S.), p. 89. Eyther the communers onlye must be welthy, and the gentyl and noble men needy and miserable: or elles, excludyng gentylitie, al men must be of one degre and sort, and a new name prouided. Sir T. Elyot, The Governour, i. 2. 3t. People of good birth; gentry. Gavelkind must needs in the end make a poor gentility. Sir J. Davies, State of Ireland. 4+. Gentile character; paganism; heathenism. Places, landes, or coastes, . . . as well within the coastes and limites of gentility as within the dominions and Seigniories of the sayd mighty Emperour and Duke. Hakluyt's Voyages, I. 272. When the people began to espie the falshood of oracles, whereupon all gentilitie was built, their heart were vtterly Hooker, Eccles. Polity, v. § 2. 5. The quality or state of being genteel; condition, appearance, or manner characteristic of polite society; genteel behavior; fashionableness; stylishness.

auerted from it.

'Tis meet a gentle heart should ever shew By courtesie the fruit of true gentility. Sir J. Harington. Neither did they establish their claims to gentility at the expense of their tailors- for as yet those offenders against young gentlemen, were unknown in New Amsterdam. Irving, Knickerbocker, p. 175.

In the elder English dramatists. . . . there is a constant recognition of gentility, as if a noble behaviour were as easily marked in the society of their age as color is in our American population. Emerson, Essays, 1st ser., p. 223.