Europe and the Middle Ages

Abbasid administration agricultural al-Andalus Arab aristocracy army became began bishop Boethius Boniface Byzantine Empire Byzantium caliphs Carolingian Cassiodorus century B.C. Charlemagne Christian church Cistercian civil clergy Constantinople court Crusade culture Danube developed dynasty early ecclesiastical economic eighth century eleventh century emperor England English European fourteenth century France Francia Frankish frontier Gaul Germanic Greek Gregory Henry heresy imperial important influence Islamic Italy Jews Justinian king kingdom land late later Latin literary lords Louis medieval Mediterranean Middle Ages military monarchy monastery monastic monasticism monks Muslim ninth nobles North northern Ostrogoths pagan papacy papal Paris Philip philosophical political pope population reconquista reform reign religious Roman Empire Roman law Rome royal rule rulers Saint Sicily sixth century social society Spain spiritual successor tenth century territories theology thirteenth century tion towns tury twelfth century Umayyad University Press urban Visigoths West Francia western Europe York