A History of the Church, from the Earliest Ages to the Reformation

1073 Himself was raised to the See, and took the name of Gregory VII. 275-6

SECTION II.-Pontificate of Gregory.

1074 The Pope assembled a council against the concubinage of the clergy
and simony

A great relaxation in the morals of the clergy during the tenth cen-

tury; the Popes, from Leo IX., had attempted to correct it, but

with no effect

277

278

Gregory endeavoured to enforce his decree, and` great confusion

ensued

The princes, long before Charlemagne, had gradually usurped the
most valuable Church patronage, and frequently abused it
It was Gregory's object to recover it from them; the question
about investitures was only the means to do so
From the time of Otho I. the sovereigns had performed the office
of investiture with the ring and crosier, symbols of a spiritual
office; this was the point ostensibly disputed
Henry IV. resisted Gregory's demands, and the Pope deposed some
German prelates, and menaced anathemas

258

279

280

Gregory summoned Henry to Rome, to clear himself from certain

charges alleged by his subjects

Henry assembled a Synod at Worms to depose the Pope

The Pope excommunicated and deposed Henry

281

A civil war in Germany followed, and a council was appointed, in

which the claims of both parties were to be referred to the deci-

Henry crossed the Alps, and made submission to the Pope at

Canossa, and was restored to communion

afterwards

The civil wars were then renewed, and three years

(1080) Gregory bestowed the crown on Rodolphus

Gregory extended his claims of temporal supremacy to the crowns

of France, England, Naples, and many inferior dukedoms and

principalities

283

He designed to regulate the affairs of Christendom by a council of

bishops periodically assembled at Rome. Some circumstances

which ought to be considered in passing an opinion on that project 284

What were the grounds on which Gregory founded his pretensions
to this universal dominion

The power to bind and to loose' extended to the oath of alle

giance

Matilda, Countess of Tuscany, consented to hold her domains on

feudal tenure from the Pope

It was the object of Gregory to destroy the independence of the

national churches, and lead the whole hierarchy to look to Rome

only as its head

The objects and some of the contents of the False Decretals

1082 Henry advanced to Rome, and after two repulses, in two successive

years, obtained possession of the city. Gregory retired to the

Castle of St. Angelo, and was relieved by the Normans, under

Robert Guiscard

1085 Gregory, having retired with the Normans, died at Salerno. An

288

examination of his character as a churchman and as a Christian 290-1

His private morality was marked by the austerity of the cloister. 292

SECTION III.

1045 Berenger, Scholastic at Tours, published his opposition to the
doctrine afterwards called Transubstantiation; he was condemned

A.D.

at Rome five years afterwards, and again by some French councils,

especially that of Tours; he retracted, and immediately returned

to his opinion

He was summoned to Rome by Nicholas II., when he again re-

tracted, and again abjured his retractation

1078 Gregory VII. required his subscription to a profession, admitting

the real presence, without mention of the change of substance, and

he subscribed. In the year following he subscribed to the whole

doctrine, without any reservation; and then, returning to France,

taught as before

1088 He died in peace, at an advanced age

Gregory's moderation has occasioned a suspicion that he shared

the opinions

The use of the Latin Liturgy was imposed generally upon the Church
by Gregory VII. In a letter to Vratislaus, Duke of Bohemia, he
declared the policy of closing the Scriptures against the people.
Both were contrary to the practice of the early Church

Note respecting the reputed inscription to Simon Magus, dis-

covered at Rome in 1574

Misrepresentation by Mosheim of a sermon of Eligius, Bishop

of Noyon

PART IV.

FROM GREGORY VII. TO BONIFACE VIII.

CHAPTER XVII.—From Gregory VII. to Innocent III.

1087-99 Urban II. pursued the schemes of Gregory, and in 1095, he
held the councils of Placentia and Clermont, and set on foot the
first crusade

The notion of a crusade was first started by Sylvester II., and
taken up by Gregory VII.

1099-1118 Pascal II. (like Gregory and Urban, a monk of Cluni), re-

296-7

303-4

vived the contest with the empire

Henry died under the sentence of excommunication, with his son in

arms against him, and his body was kept for five years in unhal-

lowed ground

306

The contest continued with Henry V.

306

The regalia were grants conferred on the bishops by Charlemagne,

partaking of the privileges of royalty, and the emperors claimed

the right of confirming them

Pascal II. agreed to cede them, on the Emperor's ceding the right

of investiture. The ceremony of coronation was to follow; but

a dispute arose in St. Peter's, and the Pope was carried away pri-

soner to Viterbo, where he made every concession

307

1122 The Investiture question was reasonably arranged in a council or

A Lateran council was assembled, and cancelled the treaty

A disputed succession was still usual at the death of almost every

Pope

308

808

308-9

diet held at Worms, under Calixtus II., a relative of the Emperor 308-9
Some remarks on the arrangement thus adopted

1123 The first Lateran (ninth Latin General) was held for the general

regulation of ecclesiastical matters

1124-1154 Rome was disturbed by uninterrupted discord and convulsion.

Arnold of Brescia was distinguished during this period

1155 Adrian IV. placed the city under an interdict, and so effected the

expulsion of Arnold, who was presently delivered up to him

by Frederic Barbarossa, and burnt alive. The probable character

Barbarossa held the stirrup of Adrian

Alexander III., after a long conflict, reduced Frederic Barbarossa to

terms favourable to the Church. In 1179, he held the third La-

teran Council, and enacted the final regulations respecting Papal

election. He was a zealous patron of letters

Three descriptions of disputes distracted this period: those be-

tween the Popedom and the empire; those between rivals for the

See; those in various states between the ecclesiastical and civil

authorities

313-4

315-6

The general correspondence between religion and literature, in their

progress and decay, admits of many particular exceptions

After the first barbarian conquests, the whole office of public instruc-

tion fell into the hands of the clergy; and no subjects were

treated, or lessons delivered, except with a view to theology. The

invasion of the Lombards was destructive to all learning in Italy 317

The exertions of Charlemagne had much more fruit in France

than in Italy during the ninth age

In the tenth, everything degenerated in both countries; literature

and morality; laity and clergy. Yet the literary condition of

France was not lower at the accession of Sylvester II., than at

that of Charlemagne

318

319-20

On the other hand, the ecclesiastical compositions of those ages

had commonly a practical tendency, and were directed to moral

improvement

From the Saracenic conquest of Egypt, papyrus began to be dis-
used in Europe, and parchment was the substitute; so that MSS.
could not multiply or spread with any rapidity. An instance of
their scarcity

320-1

. 321-2

This evil was removed in the eleventh century by the invention of

paper

About eighty councils were held in France during that
age. On the
three characters or æras of theological literature; that of the
ecclesiastical Fathers; that of the collectors and compilers; that
of the Schoolmen

On the Trivium and Quadrivium

1091-1153 Note on St. Bernard.

He founded Clairval, and, in the

course of his life, about a hundred and sixty other monasteries

He was very influential in establishing Innocent II. in the disputed

See; and through his numerous ecclesiastical merits, he is deno-

minated the last of the fathers

In his opinion respecting grace, he followed St. Augustin

1140 He entered the lists in public disputation against Abelard, at Sens;

but the latter declined the controversy, and appealed to the Pope

He was a zealous supporter of Papal authority and adversary of

heresy. Various expressions from his writings on both these sub-

323-4

332-3

He likewise denounced, with great indignation, the numerous
abuses prevalent in the Church at that period

On his mingled good and dangerous qualities, and the wide extent

of his personal influence

334

(1198

CHAPTER XVIII.—The Pontificate of Innocent III. (1198-1216.)
1083-1198 Considerable improvement had been effected in the Church
system between Gregory VII. and Innocent. Three Lateran coun-
cils assembled in the twelfth century

1131 Gratian published his famous collection of canon law

The possessions of the clergy were greatly increased during the
same period; and the ecclesiastical jurisdiction had made wide
encroachments on the secular

336

A.D.

Various instances of the persons and causes which had been in-

sensibly drawn into the former courts

PAGE

337

Thus the clergy exercised, at Innocent's accession, a greater con-

trol over society than at any former period

His designs may be classed under four heads

337

338

I. The character of the Roman people, according to the expres-

sions of Luitprand, a Lombard of the tenth age

According to those of St. Bernard, addressed to Eugenius III. 339

The turbulence of the Romans was excused by the weakness, capri-
ciousness, and uncertain character of their government. Some vi-
cissitudes in its form, from Charlemagne to Innocent. The latter
at length entirely shook off the imperial claims, and deprived the
Prefect of his power

339-40

Yet other changes and tumults succeeded, and were not appeased

till the middle of the fifteenth century

The circumstances of the empire were favourable to the project of

Innocent. He obtained from Frederic a confirmation of the

donation of Matilda

341

342

II. Innocent exercised his temporal authority in the disposal of the

empire. Through what causes that authority ever acquired any

strength, or received any obedience

Many imagined that the ceremony of coronation by the Pope was

necessary for the legitimacy of the emperor

342

343

In a contest with Philippe Auguste of France, Innocent threw an

interdict over the whole country, and the king made his submission 344

He published some general assertions of his power over thrones;

and interfered in Arragon, Navarre, Bohemia, Wallachia, Bul-

garia, and Armenia

345

345-6

The resistance and final humiliation of John of England
III. It was necessary for the success of Innocent, to hold the
hierarchy in subservience. He endeavoured to usurp all import-
ant patronage

He imposed a regular tax (the Saladin tax) on ecclesiastical pro-

perty. The power, which the Bishops, as a collective body, had

lost, passed into the possession of the Pope

1215 The fourth Lateran Council met for the recovery

and the reformation of the Church

of the Holy Land,

The name of transubstantiation was introduced into the vocabu

lary of the Church

Sacramental confession generally imposed

345-6

347

Reformation in the faith of the Church only meant extirpation of

heresy. The substance of the third canon of this council on that

subject

IV. From the controversy about images, till the twelfth century,

the Church had not been stained by any rigorous persecution

1110 Pierre de Bruys originated the sect of Petrobrussians, who rejected

some superstitions, and advanced some errors. He was burnt in

a popular tumult

1148 Henry, from whom the Henricians were named, was opposed by St.

Bernard, and died in prison

Both these heresies prevailed chiefly in the South of France,

well as some others of no name, and perhaps of no very definite

tenets, but professing an apostolical character and origin

The Cathari, or Gazari, &c., may probably have descended from
the Paulicians of the East, and may thus have been Semi-
Manichæans; but it would be absurd to charge this error upon
all the heretics of the twelfth century
1160 Peter Waldus commenced his preaching, and caused some part
of the Scriptures to be translated into the vulgar tongue: but the

352-3

A.D.

PAGE

353-4-5

Vaudois, or Waldenses, were of earlier and immemorial origin,
though it is impossible to trace them to the apostolical times. The

opinions ascribed to them

Albigeois, or Albigenses, was the common name for the various

heretics of the South of France at the end of the twelfth century

1017 Some persons of good condition, charged with Manicheism, and

probably guilty of mysticism, were condemned by a synod at Or-

leans, and burnt to death

1163 Alexander III. published, in a Council at Tours, an edict against