A History of the Church, from the Earliest Ages to the Reformation

1178 The Order of the Chartreuse, which had been founded by St.
Bruno in 1084, was sanctioned by Alexander III.

378

379

380

The rivalry among these and other orders, all Benedictines, was of

advantage to the discipline of them all

1040 The distinction between monks and lay brethren was first intro-

duced at Vallombrosa; and it secured the corruption of the former 382

The Abbot was originally subject to the Bishop of the Diocese; the

practice of Papal exemption occasioned extreme relaxation of dis-

cipline

The prevalence of monastic corruption was acknowledged by councils

held early in the thirteenth century

SECTION III.

The order of Canons Regular, professing the institution of St. Au-
gustin, is of uncertain origin. A general rule was imposed on

383

A.D.

them by the Councils of Mayence and Aix-la-Chapelle, early in the

ninth age

1059 They were subsequently reformed by Nicholas II., and were first
subjected to a vow by Innocent II.

SECTION IV.

The Monastic Orders were powerful instruments of pontifical

ambition, through their wealth, their obedience, and their popular

384-5

The confusion of the military and ecclesiastical characters had

preceded the foundation of the Military Orders

1050 Four merchants erected a hospital at Jerusalem, which was en-

dowed by Godfrey of Bouillon; and then rose the Knights of the

Hospital, afterwards known as the Knights of Rhodes and Malta 386

1118 The Knights Templars were founded. Their Rule was written by St.

Bernard; their office and corruption

1192 The Teutonic Order received its Rule from Celestine III.

After-

wards (1230), those knights converted Prussia by the sword; and
joined the Reformers in the sixteenth age

SECTION V.

1217 &c. The number and variety of Heresies made a new order necessary

for their extirpation. St. Dominic instituted that of the Preachers,

and it was sanctioned by the bull of Honorius III.

387

388

1210 Innocent III. established the order of St. Francis, which was

originally founded in poverty only

388

The Testament of St. Francis did not enjoin mendicity

These two orders adopted each other's characteristics, and presently

became both Preachers and both Mendicants

389

390

The severity of the Rule of St. Francis occasioned many dis-

sensions among his disciples, and great insubordination in the

Church

The Dominicans were more orderly and obedient
St. Dominic was not the founder of the Inquisition

1228-1259 The Dominicans became learned Scholastics, and contested the
theological chairs with the University of Paris

The good proceeding from this struggle. The prophecy concerning
the perils of the latter times' was applied to the Mendicants
by a doctor at Paris. A general remark on Millennarians
1274 Gregory X. suppressed several Mendicants, and distributed the secti
into four societies: Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and
Hermits of St. Augustin

1209 Albert, Patriarch of Jerusalem, gave a Rule to the Carmelites,
confirmed in 1226 by Honorius III., and afterwards interpreted
by Innocent IV.

381-2

392

393

The earliest Dominicans were distinguished by great talents and

merits, and professional zeal

Alexander IV. collected various Hermits into one order, called the

'Hermits of St. Augustin'

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The influence of the Mendicants depended almost entirely on their

On the Holy Virgins' who existed in the Antenicene Church

350 St. Syncletica is said to have founded the first nunnery

397

A.D.

In Egypt, Marcella, a Roman lady, introduced the institution into

the West, and it spread rapidly

The Rule of the Nuns was formed upon those of the Monasteries

The necessity of a 'Vow of Chastity' strongly urged by St. Basil

The Canon of Chalcedon was moderate in the penalty denounced

against its violation; but Innocent I. increased its severity, and

subsequent ages still more so

397

398

398-9

The imposition of the Veil was earlier than St. Ambrose
The age of taking it varied at different times and places
The order of the Nuns of St. Benedict was instituted at the same
time with his first monasteries, and rose in inportance and pride 398-9
There were also Canonesses, Nuns of the Hospital, Nuns of St.
Dominic, following the various monastic denominations

1537 The Ursulines were a truly ascetic and charitable institution; indeed

the Nuns were generally free from many of the vices charged against

their Monastic brethren. The Protestants have imitated those

virtues

all

The Benedictine, the Military, and the Mendicant orders, were
peculiarly adapted to the age and circumstances in which they
flourished, and the qualities required for the support of Papacy;
as were the Jesuits at a later period
The Monastic System was only perpetuated by a succession of re-
formations and regenerations

400-1

402

402-3-4

Such was the history of every order, and none could have long

subsisted otherwise

404-5

405-10

Many advantages were conferred on society by Monachism. Tracts

of land were brought into cultivation; hospitality and refuge

afforded to the wretched; charity largely distributed; spiritual

consolation commonly administered to the lower orders; and an

example set of piety and humanity. Education was intrusted to

the Monks; and manuscripts, profane and sacred, were preserved

and multiplied by them; so that, if they were only useful in bad

ages, then at least they were seemingly the best members of

society

Yet they were the steady defenders of every superstitious abuse, and

the sworn enemies of all general reform. The system of exemption

made them firm supporters of the Papal system; and in recom-

pense, indulgences, private masses, and many of the worst abuses of

the Church were sustained, chiefly for their profit, by Pontifical

authority

CHAPTER XX. From the Death of Innocent to that of Boniface VIII.

The interests of the Church of Rome were becoming at variance

with the peace of Christendom

411-13

414

Frederic II. long deferred his promised departure to the Holy Land 415

1227 Gregory IX. was elected; the ceremony of his coronation

He excommunicated the Emperor. Frederic wrote to the King of

England in reprobation of the Church

He proceeded to Palestine; he made an advantageous treaty with

the infidels, in spite of the Pope's persecutions, and returned to

repel an invasion of his territories

1243-1245 Innocent IV. continued the quarrel with Frederic, and as-

sembled the first Council of Lyons. It professed three objects.

The Emperor was summoned before it, and on his non-appear-

ance, deprived of his crown

Innocent vainly attempted to seduce the Emperor's son into an

alliance against his father

1250 Frederic died in adversity, having been virtually deposed by the sen-

The real merits of this quarrel; in what respects Frederic justly of

A.D.

PAGE

fended the Church; the fierce edicts against heresy, by which

he aimed to support it, and by which he deserved his future mis-

fortunes

Some points by which this dispute between the Church and the

Empire is distinguished from that commenced by Gregory VII.

Taxes were rigidly levied by the Pope upon the clergy, and a crusade

was preached against the Emperor

Innocent returned to Italy, and after some successes against the king-

dom of Naples, died in 1254

His temporal ambition and policy, and triumphant pontificate

Alexander IV. continued the struggle for Naples

1261-1268 Urban IV. and Clement IV., two Frenchmen, introduced the

French into that kingdom

425

1273 Gregory X., a pious enthusiast, was raised to the See'; and la-

boured earnestly, and with promise of success, to excite a grand

crusade

1274 He convoked the second Council of Lyons for that purpose, and

for the reformation of the Church. The canon was then enacted,

which imposed severe restraints upon the conclave

The Pope died before the expedition set sail, and it immediately

dispersed

Martin IV., a Frenchman, accepted the office of senator, and held

it for life

1294 The circumstances of the election of Pietro Morone, Celestine V.;
his utter incapacity; his simplicity, piety, humility, and good in-
tentions; his resignation and the pontificate; and imprisonment
by his successor Boniface VIII.

426

427

428

429-30-2

The lofty and various pretensions of Boniface; in whose reign the
Papal supremacy probably attained its highest elevation. His
authority recognized by Albert of Austria

The condition of the Gallican Church at that moment

1296 Boniface published the bull Clericis Laicos, against all who should

exact contributions from the clergy

435

It was chiefly levelled against Philip of France. A dispute was the

consequence, but it was soon suspended

1301 Philip arrested the Bishop of Pamiers.

436

Boniface published the
bull Ausculta, Fili, demanding his liberation, &c.; and it was
publicly burnt by the king
Philip was supported by his barons. Some of the Clergy attended
the Pope's summons to assemble at Rome; and under the name
of this Council, he published the bull Unam Sanctam, asserting
the unity of the Church, and the use of the double sword
1303 William of Nogaret and Sciarra Colonna surprised the Pope at
Anagni; but offered him no bodily injury. He returned to Rome
and died. The circumstances of his intrepidity, and of his death 439-40

1215-1270 Louis IX. of France was one of the few monarchs, who

founded his policy on religious considerations, and whose life is

thus closely connected with ecclesiastical history. The excellence

of his private morality

437

441-2

In what language he is characterized by Hume

441-2

His various legislative attempts to extend the civilization of his

subjects

442-3

Much superstition was mixed with his piety; exemplified in his ac-
quisition and reception of the Crown of Thorns. He instituted
festivals in its honour, &c.

443-4

A.D.

He died before Tunis, and was canonized twenty-seven years after-

wards by Boniface VIII. The Bull of Canonization

SECTION II.

St. Louis confirmed the institution of the Inquisition in his domi-

nions

What was the extent of the commission of the first Inquisitors; all

trials were still conducted in the Episcopal Courts

1229 The council of Toulouse established a sort of committee of Inquisi-

tion, the foundation of the court

The court was still episcopal; but Gregory XI. transferred the

power to the Dominicans, who acted more immediately under Papal

authority

1244 The edicts of Frederic II. assisted the progress of the Inquisition.
Innocent IV. established it in the north of Italy, and it spread to
some other countries

SECTION III.

1263 The general contempt of excommunication then prevalent is in-

stanced in a conference between Louis and his prelates

1244 Innocent IV. requested a refuge in France, and Louis eluded his

solicitation

Before he set off on his last crusade, Louis published his Prag-

matic Sanction. It consisted of six articles, which were chiefly

directed against the usurpations of patronage by Rome and its

pecuniary exactions

A spirit of opposition to the See was occasionally exhibited by

The character of the first crusade; the battle of Doryleum; the

capture of Antioch; and cruelties committed at the storming of

447-8

453-4

455-6

St. Bernard preached the second crusade with success; his pro-
phecy; its falsification; and the authority which he pleaded in
his defence
1189-1291 The third crusade was that of Richard of England; the fifth
and sixth were projected by Innocent III.; the disastrous expe-
dition and captivity of Louis in Egypt: his second against Tunis
may be considered as concluding the history of the crusades
Among the causes of the crusades, the earliest was the practice
of pilgrimage; the Saracens tolerated the visits of the Christians to
the Holy Sepulchre, and they were multiplied by the fanaticism
of the tenth century; but towards the close of the eleventh, the
Turks got possession of Jerusalem, and persecuted the pilgrims 457-8
Warlike spirit and superstitious zeal were characteristics of the
same ages, and co-operated to the same end, so that the minds of
men were prepared for the preaching of Peter the Hermit

The object of the first crusade was wholly unconnected with reason,

ambition, or policy

The objects of those which followed became diversified by new cir-
cumstances; the Latin kingdom was then to be defended; the in-
terest of princes became engaged; and general views of conquest
were formed

458-9

460

460-1

46-2

Innocent III. preached a crusade against Heretics; Innocent IV.

against the Emperor of Germany

It does not seem that the crusades produced any one general advan-
tage to Europe or to Christendom, either in promoting commerce
or advancing the arts

463-464

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A History of the Church, from the Earliest Ages to the Reformation, Volumen1