him as assistant preacher to the University Church. and the supernatural is reduced to natural proportions. Transferred in 1802 to Pforta, he engaged in the study His Christologische Predigten (Weimar, 1831, 1837) of modern languages, particularly English, and publish- are not Christological in character, exhibiting Jesus ed a tabular view of English pronunciation (1803). Un- simply as "the pattern and example of true culture," pleasant relations with his colleagues led to his removal etc. His casual sermons, however, sometimes present in the following year (1804). He next became pastor all the characteristics of truly religious discourse. His at Ostrau, near Zeitz, and remained in that station dur-published homiletical works are very numerous. ing sixteen years, at the end of which period he was In addition to the works already mentioned, we nocalled to be chief minister at Weimar; and to that tice the Kritische Prediger-Bibliothek, which under vaposition the government added the dignities of court rious names he edited from 1810 to 1848:-Palästina preacher, ecclesiastical councillor, and general superin- zur Zeit Jesu (Zeitz, 1816; 8th ed. 1845):— Luther's tendent for the principality of Weimar, his duties, in Leben u. Wirken (ibid. 1817; 2d ed. 1828):-Die gute addition to those connected with his relation to his par- Sache d. Protestantismus (Leips. 1842), and others.ish, including general visitations, examinations, inspec- Herzog, Real-Encyklop. vols. xiii and xx, s. v. tion of the Weimar Gymnasium, and the filling of appointments. He held these positions from 1820 to 1848, when he died.

Rohumon, the great serpent, an idol of the Caribbeans.

lem from Babylon with Zerubbabel (1 Esdr. v, 8); eviRo'ïmus (Poiμoc), a Jew who returned to Jerusadently the REHUM (q. v.) of the Heb. texts (Ezra ii, 2; Neh. vii, 7).

Rok, or Roc, in Persian mythology, was an immense bird, so large that it bore elephants to its young in the nest.

An egg of this monster once fell from its nest on the Albordshi, and with its fluid overflowed thirty-six towns and villages. Legends resembling this fable are met with everywhere; but it is remarkable that the inhabitants of Greenland are said to make use of very powerful bows, each formed of two claws of some gigantic bird, which are often found in the ice. It would accordingly seem that not everything said with regard to the rok is fable. There have been mammalia and amphibia whose size far exceeded that of any similar animals of our æra; and there may, in like manner, have been birds which could as readily bear away a camel as the condor can a young llama.-Vollmer, Wörterb. d. Mythol. s. v.

Röhr's historical significance grows out of the energy with which he asserted the theological position of vulgar rationalism. His views were for the first time presented in a connected scheme in Briefe über den Rationalismus, etc. (Zeitz, 1813), whose train of ideas may be summarized as follows: Religious truth may be ascertained from revelation or from reason, the latter term denoting the natural, not cultured, judgment of the mind. If such truth is grounded on reason, the system of rationalism or naturalism will result, which is the only tenable system. This rationalism rejects all religious teachings which have not universal authority and a strict adaptation to moral ends; for the ultimate end of religion is a pure morality. There is in Christianity a theology or doctrine respecting God, and an anthropology or doctrine respecting man in his intelligent and moral nature, and also in his sensuality and consequent depravity; but it does not properly include a Christology, since opinions respecting the first expounder of a universal religion can form no part of that religion. Stripped of all additions to his personality made by the evangelists, Christ is simply a man, though the greatest, and even a unique, man. A subsequent work, entitled Grund- und Glaubenssätze d. evang.-prot. Kirche (1832), was intended to unite the Church for its protection against its Roman Catholic, and still more against its pietistic, adversaries, and to that end was sent to a number of theological faculties for their approval. The effort failed, however, even Röhr's fellow-rationalists refusing to endorse his purpose. In the second and third editions (1834, 1844), he gave a summary of the essential teachings of the Gospel in specifically Christian language. There is a true God, who is proclaimed to us Roldan, Luisa, daughter of the following, was by Jesus Christ, the only begotten Son, and who de- born in 1654, and became a distinguished artist. She serves our profound veneration because of his perfec-assisted her father in many of his works, was pensioned tions. This veneration can be truly rendered only by the cultivation of a sincerely virtuous character and life, and for this work we may hope for the aid of the Divine Spirit. As God's children, we may confidently look for his help in earthly troubles, and in the consciousness of moral weakness and unworthiness we may look for grace and mercy through Christ; while in death we may be assured of undying continuance and a better, retributive

life.

It is needless to add that throughout his official life Röhr was engaged in controversy with the orthodox theologians of his time, e. g. Reinhard, Harms, Hahn, Hengstenberg, Sartorius, etc., whom he accused of literalism, want of progressiveness, and similar offences. He was utterly incapable of appreciating the aims of such spirits as Schleiermacher, Twesten, etc., in the direction of a higher development within the limits of Protestant freedom; and in consequence of this incapacity, he blundered into a dispute with Hase on the occasion of the appearance of the Hutterus Redivivus written by the latter, which Hase ended by clearly demonstrating that the "rationalism of sound reason" is utterly unscientific and has no regard for the facts of history. His peculiar views and tempers are reflected also in his sermons. The moral element predominates, of course,

Roland, in Frankish legends, was a celebrated hero belonging to the circle of Charlemagne's paladins. He was of enormous size, and so strong that he could pull up the tallest pine by the roots, and use it as a walkingstick and club. His sword split a block of marble without injuring its edge. The numerous Roland columns found in the towns of North Germany are said to have been erected by Charlemagne in honor of this hero; but they are probably of much later origin, and served to designate the place where justice was administered in the emperor's name, so that they were in some sense his representatives.-Vollmer, Wörterb. d. Mythol, s. v.

by Philip IV, and confided with much of the work upon the Escurial. Her principal productions are the statues of Mater Dolorosa, John the Evangelist, and St. Thomas. She died at Madrid in December, 1704.

Roldan, Pedro, a Spanish sculptor, was born in 1624 at Seville. He studied at Rome, where he was a member of the Academy of St. Luke. Roldan executed a great number of works in Madrid and at Seville, the best of which is a Christ on the Cross. He died in 1700.

Rolf, in Norse mythology, was one of the most celebrated kings of Denmark, who was induced to adopt the surname Kraki by the following occurrence. A poor youth named Voeggur went to the palace and looked steadily at the king, until asked why he gazed so long, when he responded that he had heard that Rolf was the greatest man in Northland, but that he found the throne occupied by a Kraki (diminutive wight). Rolf responded, "Thou hast given me a name, now give me a present" (which always accompanied the bestowal of a name). Voeggur declared that he had nothing to give. "Then," said Rolf, "I, who have possessions, will give a present," and he handed over a ring of gold, on receiving which Voeggur joyfully exclaimed, “Lord, I will avenge thee should any come near to thee in malice!"

The king's reply to this "Voeggur is pleased with a "written within and without" (Ezek. ii, 10). The writlittle matter" became proverbial. The armies of Rolf ing was arranged in columns, resembling a door in Kraki were celebrated, especially the twelve Berserkers shape, and hence deriving their Hebrew name (according to others, eleven, himself being the twelfth), leaves), just as "column," from its resemblance to a cowhom he once sent to assist his stepfather Adils, king lumna, or pillar. It has been asserted that the term of Sweden, against Ali, king of Norway. After gaining megillah does not occur before the 7th century B.C., bethe victory, Adils refused to give the promised rewarding first used by Jeremiah (Hitzig, in Jer. xxxvi, 2); to either the Berserkers or king Rolf. The latter, ac- and the conclusion has been drawn that the use of such companied by the Berserkers, accordingly visited the materials as parchment was not known until that period court of Adils and reminded him of his pledge. Adils (Ewald, Gesch. i, 71, note; Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 289). invited the guests to a friendly banquet in the largest This is to assume, perhaps too confidently, a late date hall of his palace, in the centre of which he caused an for the composition of Psa. xl, and to ignore the collatimmense fire to be built, and then reminded Rolf and eral evidence arising out of the expression "roll tothe Berserkers that they had vowed never to flee from gether" used by Isaiah (xxxiv, 4), and also out of the either fire or water. The fire eventually seized Rolf's probable reference to the Pentateuch in Psa. xl, 7, "the clothing, on which he rose, threw his shield into the roll of the book," a copy of which was deposited by the flames, and passed through them with his companions, side of the ark (Deut. xxxi, 26).--Smith. The book while he exclaimed, "He, surely, does not dread the of Esther is specially designated by the Hebrew term fire who voluntarily rushes into it!" He then seized Megillah. See MEGILLOTH.

the servants who had kindled the fire and threw them into it, and emphatically demanded his pay. He obRoll-moulding. This term has been popularly, tained the ring Sviagris and a mighty horn filled with but very incorrectly, given to a moulding much used in gold, and departed; but Adils rapidly assembled his Decorated and late Early English work, especially in warriors and followed in pursuit. To distract his pur-strings and dripstones. Its varieties are numerous, and suers, Rolf, having reached the heath of Fyriswall, scat- though some of them bear resemblance to a roll of tered pieces of gold over the ground, and so actually parchment, others are very different. Some of these delayed the pursuit; and when Adils approached him, varieties, in which the square fillet is more decidedly he threw down the costly ring also. Adils dismounted marked, have been called the "roll and fillet moulding." from his horse to get the ring, and at this moment Rolf It is sometimes called the scroll-moulding, from its reinflicted on the rear of his person a shameful wound, as semblance to a scroll of paper or parchment with the he cried, "I have bent like a hog the richest man in edge overlapping. The name of roll-moulding is often Sweden." He then picked up the ring himself, and applied to the common round, or bowtell.-Parker, Gloswhile the king's wound was bound up by his followers, sary of Architecture, s. v. succeeded in gaining the ships with his treasure and his mother, and returned to Denmark. From this incident gold was called Fyriswall seed, or Kraki's seed.-Vollmer, Wörterb. d. Mythol. s. v.

Rolin, JEAN, Cardinal, was born in 1408. At twenty-two he was canon and archdeacon. In 1431 he became bishop of Chalons, which see he exchanged in 1436 for that of Autun, He obtained the purple in 1449, and continued to add to the number of his benefices and lived in luxury. He gained possession by fraudulent means of the abbey of St. Martin at Autun in 1451, built the cathedral in that place and also the one at Chalons, both of which he enriched with works of art. He was confessor to the dauphin, afterwards Louis XI. He died at Auxerre July 1, 1483. See Perry, Hist. de Chalons.-Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Générale, s. v. Roll (, megillah'; Sept. repaλic: but in Ezra vi, 1, the Chald., sephár, a book, as elsewhere rendered: in Isa. viii, 1, 1, gillayon, a tablet, once of a mirror, iii, 23). A book in ancient times consisted of a single long strip of paper or parchment, which was usually kept rolled up on a stick, and was unrolled when a person wished to read it. See Book. Hence arose the

term megillah, from galál, "to roll," strictly answering to the Latin volumen, whence comes our volume; hence also the expressions, "to spread" and "roll together" (in Heb. [2 Kings xix, 14] and [Isa. xxxiv, 4]: in Gr. ávarúσGuy and Truoσew [Luke iv, 17, 20]), instead of "to open" and "to shut" a book. The full expression for a book was "a roll of writing," or "a roll of a book" (Jer. xxxvi, 2; Psa. xl, 7; Ezek. ii, 9), but occasionally "roll" stands by itself (Zech. v, 1, 2; Ezra vi, 2). The Kepaliç of the Sept. originally referred to the ornamental knob (the umbilicus of the Latins) at the top of the stick or cylinder round which the roll was wound. The use of the term megillâh implies, of course, the existence of a soft and pliant material: what this material was in the Old-Test. period we are not informed; but, as a knife was required for its destruction (Jer. xxxvi, 23), we infer that it was parchment. The roll was usually written on one side only (Mishna, Erub. 10, § 3), and hence the particular notice of one that was

Roll and Fillet.

String, Dorchester, Oxfordshire.

Rolle, JOHANN HEINRICH, a German composer of church music, was born at Quedlinburg in 1718. He was the successor of his father as director of music at

Magdeburg in 1752. He died in 1785. Among his principal works are the oratorios Death of Abel and Abraham on Mount Moriah.

Roller (Ezek. xxx, 21), chittûl, bn, a bandage, so called from being wrapped around a broken limb to muller explains the figure (Scholia, ad loc.). The roller, keep the fractured parts in place till healed. So Rosenin surgery, is a long fillet or strip of muslin or other webbing rolled upon itself in a cylindrical form, employed to give mechanical support in many of the diseases and injuries to which the human body is liable. In the case of a broken arm, the surgeon brings the fragments of the bone together in normal position, and next places the limb in splints or stays lined with cotton, wool, or other soft material, to protect the flesh against unequal pressure, and then secures the whole by firmly winding the roller round and round the limb over the stays, so as to maintain the broken ends of the bone in coaptation until the process of ossific reunion is completed. The familiar manner of this incidental reference shows that the practice of the present enlightened surgery was known to the profession in the days of Ezekiel. The name used to designate this bandage not only implies the form giving the greatest facility to

its ready application, but is the very word which scientific works of the present day employ to express the same thing. The object of this revelation, as it would seem, was not to impart information respecting the special contrivances of the healing art, but to present to the mind of the prophet the great prospective fact that the predicted disability of Pharaoh would be permanent, as one of the essentials to restorative treatment would be wanting. Rollin, CHARLES, a French historian, who formerly enjoyed, if he did not merit, an extensive popularity, was the son of a cutler, and was born in Paris, Jan. 30, 1661. He studied at the College du Plessis, where, in 1683, he became assistant to the professor of rhetoric, and four years later obtained the chair for himself. In 1688 he was called to the chair of eloquence at the Collége Royal de France, and for some ten years he discharged the duties of his office with remarkable zeal and success. In 1694 he was chosen rector of the University of Paris, a dignity which he held for two years, and signalized his brief tenure of office by many useful reforms, both in regard to discipline and study, and by his warm defence of the privileges of the university. His efforts to revive the study of Greek, then falling back into neglect, were particularly creditable to him, although his career as rector constitutes perhaps his best claim to the regard of posterity, and has certainly left a more permanent impression than his writings, for its influence is perceptible even to the present day. In 1699 he was appointed coadjutor to the principal of the College of Beauvais; but was removed from this situation in 1712 through the machinations of the Jesuits, for Rollin was a strenuous Jansenist. For the next three years he devoted himself exclusively to learned study, the fruit of which was his edition of Quintilian (Paris, 1715, 2 vols.). In 1720 he was re-elected rector of the university, and in the same year published his Traité des Études, which M. Villemain has pronounced “a monument of good sense and taste," and which is justly regarded as his best literary performance, for his Histoire Ancienne (ibid. 1730-38, 12 vols.), though long prodigiously popular, and translated into several languages (the English among others), is feeble in its philosophy, jejune in its criticism, and often inaccurate in its narrative. Nevertheless, to multitudes both in this country and in France it has formed the introduction to the study of ancient history. Frederick the Great, then the prince royal of Prussia, among other princely notabilities, wrote to compliment the author, and opened up a correspondence with him. In 1738 Rollin published his Histoire Romaine (ibid. 9 vols.), a much inferior work, now almost forgotten. He died Sept. 14, 1741.-Chambers's Encyclop. s. v.

Rollock, ROBERT, first principal of the College of Edinburgh, was born in 1555 in the vicinity of Sterling, Scotland. From the school at Sterling he went to the University of St. Andrew's, and became a student of St. Salvator's College. As soon as he had taken his degree he was chosen professor of philosophy, and began to read lectures in his own college. He left St. Andrew's in 1583, having been chosen in 1582 to be the principal and professor of divinity of the new Edinburgh University. In 1593 he with others was appointed by Parliament to confer with the popish lords. In 1595 he was appointed one of the visitors of the colleges, and in 1597 was chosen moderator of the General Assembly. He died at Edinburgh, Feb. 28, 1598. His only English work is, Certain Sermons on Several Places of St. Paul's Epistles (Edinb. 1597, 8vo). The rest of his works are in Latin-commentaries on Daniel, St. John's Gospel, Psalms, and on most of the epistles. He also published Prolegomena in Primum Librum Ques. The. Beza:Tractatus de Vocatione Efficaci (Edinb. 1597) :—Quæstiones et Responsiones Aliquot de Fœdere Dei, etc. (ibid. 1596, 8vo):-Tractatus Brevis de Providentia Dei:—and Tractatus de Excommunicatione (Lond. 1604; Geneva, 1602, 8vo). See Adam [Melchior], Life of Rollock (supplement to Encyclop. Brit.); Spottiswood, Hist. Book, vi; Chalmers, Biog. Dict. s. v.; Allibone, Dict. of Brit. and Amer. Authors, s. v.

Roma, the personification of the city of Rome, and as such called Dea Roma. She was represented clad in a long robe, and with a helmet, in a sitting posture, strongly resembling the figures of the Greek Athena. She was in reality the genius of the city of Rome, and was worshipped as such from early times, though no temple was erected to her till the time of Augustus. After this their number increased throughout the empire. See Smith, Dict. of Biog. and Mythol. s. v.

ROMA

Romaic (or MODERN GREEK) Version. Romaic, or Modern Greek, is the vernacular language of about 2,000,000 descendants of the ancient Greeks dispersed throughout the Turkish empire, as well as of the inhabitants of the modern kingdom of Greece. In this vernacular several versions of the New Test. exist. The earliest was printed at Geneva in 1638, in parallel columns with Rolling-thing, bb, galgal', Job xvii, 13; ren- the inspired text, and was executed by Maximus Calliergi dered by the A. V. "wheel" in Psa. lxxxiii, 13. Gese- (or Calliopoli, as he is sometimes called), at the solicitanius (Thesaur. s. v.) prefers chaff, stubble, in both pas- tion of Haga, the ambassador of the then United Provsages. The same word is used for wheel (q. v.) in Isa. v, inces of Constantinople. This translation, which is re28; Ezek. x, 2, 6; xxiii, 24, and for whirlwind (q. v.) markable for its close and literal adherence to the Greek Psa. lxxvii, 19 ("heaven"); Ezek. x, 13 ("wheel"). original text, is preceded by two prefaces, one by the There is, however, a wild artichoke (Arab. akkûb) in translator, and the other by Cyrillus Lucaris, patriarch Palestine which the Arabs chew with relish, and which of Constantinople. This edition, which had the title in growing throws out branches of equal size and length Η Καινή Διαθήκη τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, in all directions, forming a globe a foot or more in di- δίγλωττος, ἐν ᾧ ἀντιπροσώπως τότε θεῖον πρωτότυ ameter. In the autumn this becomes dry and light, πὸν καὶ ἡ ἀπαραλλάκτως ἐξ ἐκείνου εἰς ἁπλὴν διάbreaks off at the ground, and fies before the wind. λεκτον διὰ τοῦ μακαρίτου Κυρίου Μαξίμου ΚαλλιουThousands of them leap and roll over the plain, and πολίτου γενομένη μετάφρασις ἅμα ἐτυπώθησαν. Ετει often disturb travellers and their horses. This plant is XHHAAAПIII, was reprinted with corrections in 1708 thought by Thomson to correspond better with the gal- in London by the Society for Propagating the Gospel in gul' of Isaiah and the Psalmist than anything before Foreign Parts, and another edition was issued by the suggested (Land and Book, ii, 357 sq.). Some (Smith, same society in 1705. A reprint of this version, in 12mo, Bible Plants [Lond. 1877]) have held the galgal' to be was published at Halle, in 1710, at the expense of Sothe so-called "Jericho rose" (Anastatica Hierichunti-phia Louisa, queen of Prussia, under the title, 'H Kain na), a small, ligneous, cruciform plant, which has the singular property of reviving and expanding when placed in water. In the summer it dries up into a ball, which might readily roll before the wind, except that it is held fast to the earth by its strong tap-root.

Διαθήκη τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ Σωτῆρος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστ τοῦ, τοῦτ ̓ ἔσω τὸ θεῖον ἀρχέτυπον καὶ ἡ αὐτοῦ μετάφρασις εἰς κοινὴν διάλεκτον. Μετὰ πάσης ἐπιμελείας διορθωθέντα, καὶ νεωστὶ μετατυποθέντα ἐν "Αλα τῆς Σαξονίας, ἐν τῷ Τυπογραφειῳ Ορφανοτροφείου. Ετει