efforts of the Magyars, sustaining attack after attack, and at length defeating an enemy three times stronger than himself (in December, 1848), and forcing two Magyar battalions into the River Temesh. He it was who won the battle of Pantschova, where, on the 2nd of January, 1849, he routed Kish and all his troops,* causing General Meyerhofer, in his bulletin to the Minister of War, to say, that, "under Providence, it was to Knitchanin only that the victory was due."

But perhaps his greatest feat was at the battle of Moschorin, in July, where, in the Tchaikist district, he forced back the Hungarians, who had come triumphant from Hegyès, and at this period saved the Tchaikist province, as Stratimirowitch had saved it in April.

You cannot look upon the calm, grave countenance of the taciturn Knitchanin, without feeling that you have before you a man, half of whose life has been passed within hearing of the word Kief, whilst, as

* Ernest Kish (who was condemned to death, and executed in October, 1848), was Colonel of the Hussar regiment König von Hannover. When King Ernest Augustus heard of his defection, he wrote to the Emperor a letter, the first words of which were: That Kish was a fool I knew long ago; that he was a rascal I had yet to learn."

Kief is the expression used to describe that state of entire, perfect repose and bien-être, which can only be felt to a similar degree by an Eastern, and which nothing can make a European comprehend. No Turk goes through his day

you glance at the animated bearing and somewhat restless eye of Stratimirowitch, you recognize at once que l'Europe a passé par là.

To his country's cause, Stratimirowitch has immolated everything. The fair, young wife, I told you of, she died, driven mad by the distant echoes of a battle, where she knew her husband to be engaged. At twenty-seven, the future opens wide; but a deep conviction must render holy the cause to which such sacrifices are brought.

without using the word, or could live without experiencing the thing.

CHAPTER XIV.

REBELLION AND REPRESSION.-HAYNAU.

THE Austro-Hungarian question divides itself historically into two distinct periods: the war between the Magyars and the Slavonic races, and that between Austria and Hungary; this latter divides itself again into two different portions, (the six months between the Vienna October insurrection, and the retaking of Ofen by Görgey, and the three which elapse from that moment until the capitulation of Villagosh,) so that morally and philosophically speaking, the entire period from March 1848 to October 1849, may be classed under the following heads: the Serbo-Slavonic movement under Stratimirowitch and Knitchanin joined together, and made into a vast unity under the Ban Jellacic, represents the defence, by a whole

people, of its insulted national rights and traditions ; the measures taken by Austria, during the last days of the Emperor Ferdinand's reign, and the first of the reign of Franz-Josef, represent the defence of sovereign authority against sedition; and the events of the latter parts of the year 1849, in Hungary, represent the "last argument," force, employed to vanquish force, all other considerations being set aside. Jellacic signifies protestation; Windischgrätz resistance; Haynau repression.

Resistance may leave the offensive and defensive party upon the same level; there is no absolute necessity for it to go further-but this is not the case with repression. This, when it becomes necessary, must be more than a mere repellant force, sending its adversary to a distance, but leaving him upright; it must, its very name indicates it, press upon, and put down that against which it is to act. Repression has iron necessities of its own, which are, thanks be rendered to Providence, not the necessities. of every day, but which, nevertheless, when they exist, must be obeyed like every other duty. Repression is no gentle work at any time, and those who, from conscientious submission to duty, exercise it, because it is imposed upon them by circumstance with his "crutch-like rod," and must be,-are infinitely more entitled to pity than to the manifestation of any other sentiment. It is hard enough for an honest man to

be obliged to deal hardly by his fellow-men, without having the motives whereby he is actuated called in question.

Kossuth and his adherents had shown considerable adroitness, in never, at first, allowing the Hungarian population to suppose that they were warring against their sovereign. On the contrary, up to the famous fourteenth of April, when, at Debreczin, obeying the revolutionary influence it was out of his power to combat, and certain visionary ideas of his own, he proclaimed the deposition of the Emperor of Austria as King of Hungary, and declared the country to be constituted into a Republic-up to that day, Kossuth had pretended to be in insurrection against Ferdinand I. Emperor of Austria, out of hyper-loyalty to Ferdinand V. King of Hungary. He levied troops in the "King's name," for the "King's service;" he swore the "King was not free;" (the old eternal story!)

we are fighting for the Emperor;" he even advanced upon some occasions, "who is forced to acts which are contrary to his own will." Thousands were led on to battle under this pretext, who could not have been brought to stir by any other. The Hungarian regiments re-demanded by the Hungarian, and given up by the Austrian ministry, (!) saw in the very fact of this inexcusable cession to the Magyar authorities, a kind of proof of the truth of what Kossuth advanced, and they fought for months against the most faithful