that certain nouns may be converted into verbs simply by transposing the accent.

1. The éxports from London are very great; the imports to London are very great also. 2. America expórts corn and impórts cloth.

1. Honey is an éxtract from flowers. 2. You cannot extráct honey from all flowers.

1. I have fréquent opportunities of visiting home. 2. I frequént the playground.

1. This is the object. 2. I hope you do not object.

1. Pérfumes are agreeable. 2. The flower perfúmes the air. 1. This is a présent. 2. I presént you with this.

1. This is produce of the farm. 2. Few farms prodúce

more.

1. I have a project on my mind. 2. The walls project.

1. The rébels are in danger. 2. He is a bad man who rebéls.

1. Take a súrvey of the world at large. 2. Survey the world at large.

2. This torments me.

1. I am in a state of torment. 1. He is an ábsent man. 2. He is going to absent himself. 1. I am going to a concert. 2. He is going to concért a plan with me.

1. This is bad conduct. 2. I hope that I shall condúct myself well.

1. Berwick-upon-Tweed is upon the confines of England and Scotland. 2. He confines himself to his studies.

1. There is a cóntract between us. 2. All things contráct under the influence of cold.

To these instances add the following:

Accents of this kind may be called distinctive.

§ 296. Emphasis.-In ty'rant and presúme we deal with single words and in each word we determine which syllable is accented. Contrasted with the sort of accent that follows, this may be called a verbal accent.

In the line,

Better for us, perhaps, it might appear,

(Pope's "Essay on Man," 1. 169.)

the pronoun us is strongly brought forward. An especial stress or emphasis is laid upon it, denoting that there are other beings to whom it might not appear, &c. This is collected from the context. Here there is a logical accent. "When one word in a sentence is distinguished by a stress, as more important than the rest, we may say that it is emphatical, or that an emphasis is laid upon it. When one syllable in a word is distinguished by a stress, and more audible than the rest, we say that it is accented, or that an accent is put upon it. Accent, therefore, is to syllables what emphasis is to sentences; it distinguishes one from the crowd, and brings it forward to observation."Nares' "Orthoepy," part ii. chap. 1.

Accent is a verbal emphasis.

Emphasis, in the strict sense of the word, is a logical accent.

§ 297. Quantity.—The a in fat, the i in fit, the u in but, and the o in not, have the character of being uttered with rapidity, and they pass quickly in the enunciation, the voice not resting on them. This rapidity of utterance becomes more evident when we contrast with them the prolonged sounds of the a in fate, ee in feet, oo in book, or o in note; wherein the utterance is retarded, and wherein the voice rests, delays, or is prolonged. The f and t of fate are separated by a longer interval than the f and t of fat; and the same is the case with fit, feet, &c.

Let the n and the t of not be each as 1, the o also being as 1 ; then each letter, consonant or vowel, shall constitute of the whole word.

Let, however, the n and the t of not be each as 1, the of being as 2. Then, instead of each consonant constituting of the whole word, it shall constitute but 1.

Upon the comparative extent to which the voice is prolonged, the division of vowels and syllables into long and short has been established: the o in note being long, the o in not being short. The longness or shortness of a vowel or syllable is said to be its quantity.

§ 298. Permutation of Sounds.-In the words give and gave we have a change of tense expressed by a change of vowel. In the words price and prize a change of meaning is expressed by a change of consonant. In clothe and clad there is a change both of a vowel and of a consonant. In the words to use and a use there is a similar change, although it is not expressed by the spelling. To the ear the verb to use ends in z, although not to the eye. The following are instances of the

In have and had we have the ejection of a sound; in work and wrought, the transposition of one.

It must be noticed that the list above is far from being an exhaustive one. The expression too of the changes undergone has been rendered difficult on account of the imperfection of our orthography. The whole section has been

written in illustration of the meaning of the word permutation, rather than for any specific object in grammar.

In all the words above the change of sound has been brought about by the grammatical inflection of the word wherein it occurs. This is the case with the words life and live, and with all the rest. With the German word leben, compared with the corresponding word live, in English, the change is similar. It is brought about, however, not by a grammatical inflection, but by a difference of time, and by a difference of place; in fact, the words life and leben belong to different languages. This indicates the distinction between the permutation of letters and the transition of letters. In dealing with permutations, we compare different parts of speech; in dealing with transitions, we compare different languages, or different stages of a single language.

§ 299. The Transition of Letters is a part of Comparative Philology. Nevertheless, it is well to know how it differs from permutation. It is also well to note the phenomenon that the following lists of the same words in different languages, short as it is, is still sufficient to indicate. This is the regularity under which the modifications of the same words, with their similar, though different forms, exhibit themselves. The change which takes place with one word beginning with (say) p, takes place with others as well. Thus-between the Greek, the Latin, and the English

1. An initial П or Р, becomes F.

*The root of fru-or. The English word brook, as in expressions like I could not brook such treatment, means originally to make the most of or use. Brauchen use in the present German.

This is a simpler form than the present frango.