3. The antecedent is sometimes repeated with the relative; as, "John has a beautiful knife, which knife was given him by his father." Which is here a limiting adjective belonging to knife.

4. What and whatever are sometimes joined to nouns as limiting adjectives; the same nouns are then understood as antecedents.

Thus, "What books he has are of the best kind." Here what is joined as a limiting adjective to books, which is the object of the verb has; books, understood, is the antecedent, and the subject of the verb are.

5. What and whatever are joined as adjectives to nouns denoting persons, instead of who and whoever, which are never used as adjectives. Thus,

"What man but enters dies."

"Heaven bestows its gifts on whatever man will use them."

The subject.of dies in the first example is the antecedent man understood; the object of the preposition on in the second is the antecedent man understood.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

Who, which, and what, when used in asking questions, are sometimes called interrogative pronouns. Thus, "Who is here?" "Which book will you have?" "What do you see?"

Which and what in interrogations may always be considered as limiting adjectives belonging to nouns expressed or understood. In the last example thing is understood. Who is equivalent to what person.

These words are often used in dependent clauses when there is no direct question, as, "Tell me who is here;" "I know who is here;" ;" "He asked what I saw ;" "Teach me what is truth;" "Tell me in which house you live."

In some of these examples a question is asked indirectly; all of them have some reference to a question. In such cases these words are called indefinite pronouns. The object of the verb in the independent clause is the whole of the dependent clause. Thus, the object of tell in the first example is the whole of the clause who is here.

What words are sometimes called inter- What are these words called in indirect rogative pronouns ? questions?

Remark. It is improper to consider these words as relative pronouns. "I know the man who is here," conveys an entirely different idea from "I know who is here." "Teach me what is truth and what is falsehood," is an indirect way of asking, “What is truth, and what is falsehood?" It does not mean, Teach me that which is truth, and that which is falsehood," which would be equivalent to "Teach me truth, and teach me falsehood."

EXERCISES.

In which of the following sentences are who, which, and what relatives; in which are they interrogatives; and in which indefinites?

In what house do you live? Tell
Tell me in whose house do you

You know not who I am. me in what house you live. live. O, Diamond, you know not what mischief you have done! Whom did you see? I will not tell whom I saw. I saw whom I wanted to see. In what character was he admitted? In what character he was admitted is unknown.* I will not ask who you are. He was unwilling to declare to what place he was going. To what place he went is not known. tries will learn.

ONE, AS, AND OTHER.

He who

One, is sometimes used in an indefinite sense, referring to mankind at large; as, "One should pity the afflicted." In such phrases one may be considered as a pronoun, used instead of person, or some equivalent word.

In the following examples it stands instead of a repetition of some noun which precedes it. "He took the old bird and left the young ones;" "He admired virtuous statesmen, but despised corrupt ones."

It is sometimes used instead of person, or something equivalent; as, "The forsaken one," "The loved ones;" "Any one ;" Many a one."

66

As is sometimes used as a relative pronoun; as, “He asso

For what does one stand in such sentences

as, "One should pity the afflicted ?"-in such sentences as, "He took the old |

bird, and left the young ones ?"—in such expressions, as "The forsaken one?" Give an example in which as is used as a relative pronoun.

The subject of is is the whole clause, in what character he was admitted.

ciates with such persons as please him ;"" He wants as many books as he can get."

Some suppose an ellipsis in such cases; thus, "He wants such books as those which he can get."

When the noun to which the limiting adjective other belongs is omitted, and would have been in the possessive case or plural number, the termination of the noun is added to other; as, Regard the rights of others," that is, other persons.

Formerly other was used even when a plural noun was omitted; as, "Those other which I have in hand."-Bacon. "That he awaken when the other do."-Shakspeare. Other adjectives were sometimes used in the same way that other is; as,

"And left the earth to be the wicked's den."-Bacon.

"The rich man's joys increase, the poor's decay."-Goldsmith.

Another is properly two words, an, and other.

One other and each other are used in a reciprocal sense; as, "They loved one another;" "They loved each other." One another and each other may be considered as in the objective case after the verb loved; but in reality one and each, or the nouns to which they belong, are in the nominative to loved understood, and other in the objective case after the same verb. Thus, "They loved, each loved the other;" or with the nouns expressed, "They loved, each person loved the other person."

EXERCISES.

Form three sentences containing personal pronouns-three containing compound personal pronouns-three containing relative pronouns-three containing relative pronouns with the antecedents omitted-three containing compound relative pronouns-three containing interrogative pronouns.

PARSING EXERCISES.

To parse a pronoun,

Tell, 1. What part of speech it is—and why?

2. What kind of pronoun-..and why?

3. Number-.

What is said of other?

What is said of another?

. and why?

What is said of one another, and each other!

* A similar construction often occurs with than, as, "He wants more than he can

get."

The words in large capitals are transitive verbs; those in small capitals are intransitive verbs; and those in italics are prepositions.

John SAW his sister, and she RAN to him. That book BELONGS to me. Thou KNOWEST thyself. Jane SPOILS her beauty. The bird SPREADS its wings. The snake SWALLOWED itself. Edward KNEW the man who STRUCK him. That foolish boy BIT the dog that BIT him. The two boys SPOKE to the man whom they MET, and he SPOKE to them. Charles TOOK my book, and LEFT yours.

The man

I SAW the boy, whose dog CHASED the cat. FOUND what he WANTED. George WILL DO what is right. I HEARD what the preacher SAID. You REQUIRE what no man CAN PERFORM. He DID what was necessary. Sarah CHOSE what was most becoming.

Whoever STUDIES, WILL BECOME learned. The good boy AVOIDS whatever HURTS another. I LOVE whoever LOVES me.

What DID you EAT for breakfast? Whose horse RAN down the hill? Which of the two horses is the swiftest?

MODEL.

"John saw his sister, and she ran to him."

His is a pronoun it is used instead of the noun John's ;t personal - it is always of the third person; of the singular number, masculine gender, third person, because the antecedent John is.

How do you parse a pronoun?

And is a conjunction.

+ It is not correct to say that his is used instead of John. The pronoun is used instead of some case of the antecedent noun-whatever case the construction of the sentence demands.

RULE III.-Pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender, number, and person.

It is in the possessive case, and limits the meaning of the word sister. RULE VIII.—A noun in the possessive case limits the meaning of another

noun.

Singular.-Nom. He, Pos. his, Obj. him. Plural.-Nom. They, Pos. their or theirs, Obj. them.

She is a pronoun

it stands for the noun sister; personal- it is always of the third person; of the singular number, feminine gender, third person, because the antecedent sister is. RULE.-Pronouns agree, etc. In the nominative case subject of the verb ran.

RULE IV.—The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative case.
Nom. She, etc.

Me is a pronoun

"That book belongs to me."

it is used instead of a noun; personal- it is always of the first person; singular number it denotes but one object; the gender is unknown; objective case. -the object of the preposition to.

RULE X.-The object of a preposition is put in the objective case.
Nom. I, Pos. my or mine, Obj. me, etc.

"Edward knew the man who struck him."

Who is a pronoun- it is used instead of a noun; relative—it relates to its antecedent man; singular number, masculine gender, third person, because its antecedent man is.

RULE III.-Pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender, number and person.

It is in the nominative case-subject of the verb struck.

RULE IV.-The subject of a finite verb is put in the nominative case.
Nom. Who, Pos. whose, Obj. whom. [Plural the same.]

"The man found what he wanted."

What is a pronoun- it is used instead of a noun; relative—it relates to its antecedent thing understood: singular number, etc.

It is in the objective case - the object of the transitive verb wanted. RULE IX. The object of a transitive verb is put in the objective case.

"Whoever studies will become learned."

Whoever is a pronoun- it is used instead of a noun; compound relative — it is compounded of who and ever, and relates to its antecedent, person, understood, singular number, etc.

"What did you eat for breakfast?"

What is a pronoun, etc.; interrogative — it is used in asking a question; singular number, etc.

Objective case.

the object of the transitive verb did eat.

RULE IX. The object of a transitive verb is put in the objective case.