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circumstances, have been presented. It was emphasized at the outset that every topic should be elaborated with clearly defined substance, directed toward making a distinct and lasting impression on the audience. The first step advocated for this purpose was the selection of a main theme, or central idea. The next requisite proposed was the providing of leading points which definitely support the main theme. The third factor to be discussed was the methods of elaborating these leading points. They may be summed up as follows: (1) by citing specific examples; (2) by applying the principle of antecedent probability; (3) by using analogy; (4) by proceeding from effect to cause; (5) or from cause to effect; (6) by developing a point from the general to the specific; i. e., by deduction; (7) by employing narration or description; (8) by definition in the form of repetition, comparison or contrast, negation, concrete example, or detailed analysis.

These eight methods, with the various modifications and combinations which will occur to the speaker in working up a given subject, provide adequate means for elaborating in substantial manner a wide diversity of topics. We may now turn to methods of arrangement which will further help the speaker to realize the ends sought in the body of the discussion.

CHAPTER V

ARRANGING THE MATERIAL

Concerning arrangement, as was stated of subject-matter, it must be understood that no one method will fit all speeches. Nor is it likely that any one address will follow a single plan throughout the entire development. The speaker can ordinarily lay out the main headings, or "trunk lines," of a given discourse according to the one method which seems best calculated to carry his message as a whole. But in the arrangement of subordinate parts, he must feel free to employ such various methods as fit those parts. Some of these methods, which may be termed logical, are inherent in the particular kind of subject-matter discussed; others are based upon psychological relationships; still other methods depend neither upon logic nor psychology, strictly speaking, but are arbitrarily designed for special effects.

A. LOGICAL METHODS OF ARRANGEMENT
I. Cause and Effect

Arrangement based on cause and effect is used, as the name implies, when discussing causal rela

tionships. The essential thing to observe in employing this method is the avoidance of the confusion which is likely to result from moving backward and forward between cause and effect. It is usually possible to obviate this shortcoming by completing the discussion of the cause or the effect, as the case may be, before proceeding to the other factor. Notice how this is exemplified in the following passage from Carlyle's "Essay on Burns."

"Picturesque tourists, all manner of fashionable danglers after literature, and, far worse, all manner of convivial Maecenases, hovered round him [Burns] in his retreat; and his good as well as his weak qualities secured them influence over him. He was flattered by their notice; and his warm social nature made it impossible for him to shake them off, and hold on his way apart from them. These men, as we believe, were proximately the means of his ruin. Not that they meant him any ill; they only meant themselves a little good; if he suffered harm, let him look to it! But they wasted his precious time and his precious talent; they disturbed his composure, broke down his returning habits of temperance and assiduous contented exertion. Their pampering was baneful to him; their cruelty, which soon followed, was equally baneful. The old grudge against Fortune's inequality awoke with new bitterness in

their neighborhood; and Burns had no retreat but to 'the Rock of Independence,' which is but an air-castle after all, that looks well at a distance, but will screen no one from real wind and wet. Flushed with irregular excitement, exasperated alternately by contempt of others, and contempt of himself, Burns was no longer regaining his peace of mind, but fast losing it forever. There was a hollowness at the heart of his life, for his conscience did not now approve what he was doing."

II. Chronological Order

The chronological or time order is applicable whenever the subject-matter is concerned with events in sequence. It may be well to note that constant and explicit references to the details of chronology are very apt to produce a dry, mechanical effect. For instance, a month by month or year by year development if at all prolonged, and particularly if the time and not the essence of the events is made prominent, would fatigue the most long-suffering audience. Another thing to beware of is the confusion which results from jumping backward and forward in chronology. The speaker may profitably take advantage of time order in arrangement but he should avoid the pitfalls of the method by moving constantly forward, and by bringing out the significance

of the events, with a corresponding subordination of the mere chronological details unless they be of especial importance. The following brief outline will serve to suggest how time order may furnish the basis of arrangement for various topics.

The Anthracite Coal-Strike of 1902

A. Introduction (The Basic Conditions).
B. The Beginning.

C. The Development.

D. The Climax.

E. The Settlement.

F. Conclusion (Significance for the Future).

III. Space Order

Space order applies chiefly to descriptive matter, but may be useful whenever the subject of the speech, or any part of it, deals with material which can be conveniently treated on a basis of space relationship. The regular and most orderly plan of development is to select a significant point of departure, such as center, top or bottom, end, nearest or farthest location, and proceed with the parts, objects or places in the order of their position in space. A typical instance of the regular space order is afforded by a passage from Scott's description of Cedric the Saxon.

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