all mental or emotional concepts which do not involve elevation or lowness. This is the plane most frequently employed.

The front plane gestures are those which terminate directly before the speaker. They express unity, direct personal address, present or future time, slight extent of space or time, forward motion, and strong affirmation.

The oblique plane gestures usually sweep through the corresponding front plane and terminate anywhere from twenty to seventy degrees to the side. They indicate limited numbers, general address, moderate distance in space or time, moderate extent of space or time, and unemphatic negation.

The lateral plane gestures ordinarily sweep through the corresponding front or oblique planes and terminate at or behind the side. They express large numbers, extensive address, great distance in space or time, great extent of space or time, completeness, and emphatic negation.

Every stroke terminates at an intersection of one of the first three planes with one of the last three. That is, there are three high positions of the hand: front, oblique, lateral; and three corresponding middle and low positions.

This combination of planes permits of a double signification in the case of most gestures. To illustrate the high-lateral position suggests not only elevation but great extent, distance, or numbers; the low-front indicates not only lowness but also unity, nearness, or slight extent of time or space.

For convenience in discussion, names derived from the planes are given to all the hand positions, and are here tabulated with the abbreviations used in the illustrative sentences later.

All of these gestures may be made with either hand or with both hands together. In this connection it is to be noted that the left hand should be employed occasionally for the sake of variety, even if its use is not particularly required by the circumstances.

FORMS OF THE HAND

There are also several distinct forms of the hand commonly used in speaking, each having its general field of expression.

The supine hand, which is most frequently employed, is the hand with the palm upward, fingers lightly curved, and thumb slightly separated from the fingers. It may be very satisfactorily described as the hand which you would offer for a friendly "shake." The general field of expression of the supine is openness, candor, permission, affirmation, ordinary reference, and most phases of address, such as appeal, welcome, etc.

The prone hand has the palm turned downward; it may be described as the supine hand inverted, with the fingers straightened out. The prone hand expresses, in general, covering, secrecy, deceit, suppression, prohibition, and disapproval.

The index-finger employs the extended first finger, the others being curled inward, and the hand edgewise or prone. It is used most frequently to point out, itemize, count, accuse, threaten, call attention, or emphasize.

The clenched hand has the fingers gripped,

with the thumb always outside. It expresses forcefulness, determination, anger, defiance, gripping, seizing, and extreme intensity.

The vertical hand has the palm turned outward at about forty-five degrees to the wrist, with the fingers and thumb separated. It indicates chiefly halting, surprise, repulsion, and abhorrence.

Both hands may be used together in any form in any position. The double-hand gestures express inclusiveness, unreservedness, vastness, bounteousness, intensity, and several special features discussed later, such as comparing, contrasting, separating, and joining.

TABLE OF HAND-FORMS

Supine, s

Prone, p
Index, i

Clenched, c
Vertical, v

Both hands, bh

Any one of the hand-forms may be used in any of the positions previously discussed. The varied signification of the positions and forms indicate the multifold possibilities of expression with the hands. These possibilities will be more definitely set forth in the following analysis of the scope of gestures.

PART III

THE SCOPE OF GESTURES ANALYZED AND EXEMPLIFIED

To exhaust either by examples or by textual discussion the entire list of specific physical, mental, and emotional states and actions in their varying degrees of extent or intensity would be as unnecessary as impossible. The following sections attempt to present and illustrate the scope of the various gestures in such a way that the student should be able to apply the principles of the classifications to such cases as are not specifically noted in this treatise.

The italics of the examples are intended to indicate the words carrying the stroke, with its sustentation, as discussed under the heading of "Accuracy" (pp. 16, 18). The first letter of the abbreviation always indicates whether the gesture is high, middle, or low; the second letter, whether it is front, oblique, or lateral; the third letter designates the hand-form,