He went to

commentaries, and by conducting important state processes. Erlangen, in the year 1781, as professor of the law, but remained there only till the year 1786.

The morality of the students, being at this epoch very loose, the margrave was under the necessity of issuing severe orders on that head.

The university suffered severe losses, in the years 1786 and 1787, in the departure of Haeberlin, and the death of Succow.

Christoph Fried. Ammon, entered the university in the quality of private dean to the faculty of theology, in the year 1787.

This university was, upon the whole, in a sinking condition, until it devolved to Prussia, after the death of the last margrave.

Frederick Wilhelm II. king of Prussia, at this time confirmed the university, and placed it particularly under the superintendence of his minister, Von Hardnrberg.

Several professors were invited to the foundation, among whom were the following, elected to the faculty of theology:

Ammon,

Henry Charles Alex. Haenlein; born at Ansbach, in the year 1762. He was at first professor at Erlangen; afterwards, consistorial counsellor in Ansbach, in the year 1805; soon after he was chosen as high church counsellor at Münich, and lastly as upper consistorial director. He was the author of "The Introduction to the writings of the New Testament." 2 vols. Erlangen, 1794-1800.

The university of Erlangen remained thus under the Prussian government till the year 1806, at which time it had attained to a flourishing condition. It next devolved to Bavaria, in the year 1814; and was submitted to a new reform, by king Maximilian, in the year 1818. He increased its fund, and added a collection of books to the library; besides which, he endowed it with many objects of natural history taken mostly from the university of Altdorf, suppressed in the year 1809. Several learned men were, however, enticed away, by Prussia and Saxony, and the establishment suffered besides by the foundation of Munich, to which place several of its distinguished professors withdrew. At present this university is in a flourishing state, possesses a number of professors who are sound in the faith.

5. GOETTINGEN.-The Georgia Augusta university founded at Goettingen, by king George II. of England, was opened in the year 1735, and inaugurated on the 17th of September, 1737.

The general university for the dominions of Brunswick and Hanover, previous to the foundation of Goettingen, was Helmstadt, which was also supported at the common expense. Goettingen, however, has become the general university for Brunswick and Nassau, as well as Hanover, since the suppression of Helmstadt.

Having been endowed with a considerable fund, this university soon threw all the other foundations of Germany into the shade, and preserved its ascendency almost during the whole of the eighteenth century. Berlin and Münich stand however, before it, at present.

The celebrated library of this university, especially in works of modern literature, is the richest in all Germany, and contains 300,000 volumes, and above 5,000 manuscripts.

The Royal Society of Sciences, founded in the year 1751, and more completely organized in the year 1770, consists in a class of mathematics, of the natural sciences, and of history, and has ordinary and extraordinary, foreign as well as national members, and a monthly sitting.

The museum, founded in the year 1773, contains a splendid collection of medals; zoological, botanic, and mineralogical curiosities, besides a collection of models, paintings, and copper-plates.

The university of Goettingen attracted the most eminent and learned men, in consequence of the high salary it bestowed on its professors; the number of thein was particularly considerable, in the course of the last century.

The following were the most eminent professors of this foundation, in that period, viz:

John Dav. Michaelis, the celebrated orientalist, Divinity Professor.

Mosheim,

Spittler,

Planck,

Gesner,

Heyne,

celebrated sacred and dogmatic Professors of Divinity.
historians,

Professors of Philology.

George Christoph Lichtenberg, Professor of the Natural Sciences.

Among the living professors of the university of Goettingen, the following learned men are most worthy of notice, viz:

Gieseler, Professor of Divinity, author of the church history.

Luecke,
Pott,

do.
do.

do. a sacred historian.

do. a commentator, and old professor, who removed to Goettingen when the university of Helmstadt was suppressed. Rettberg, Professor of Practical Theology, a young sacred historian.

Ottfried,

Mueller,

Mitscherlich,

Jacob Grimm,

Wilh. G. Grimm,

brothers,

Herbart, recalled from Königsberg two years

since,

Philologists.

Ritter, celebrated by his extensive work, Professors of Philosophy.
The History of Philosophy-lately invited

from Kiel to Goettingen,

Blumenbach, the Naturalist.

Gauss, Astronomer.

Heeren, Professor of History.

Hugo,

Laugenbeck, an anatomist, medical professor.

Ewald, an orientalist, eminent as a grammarian.

Ever since the year 1784, each of the four faculties gives yearly a subject of composition, and the student who carries the prize, receives a medal, of the weight of 25 ducats.

With the university are connected a seminary for ecclesiastics; a theological repetent collegium; an institute for pastors; a philological institute, one for surgery; a lying-in establishment; a clinical hall; a botanic garden, and an olitory; an anatomical hall; a chemical laboratory; an observatory; and a collection of mathematical instruments, and apparatus of the natural sciences. Goettingen, from the very beginning of its existence, was much frequented by students from foreign countries, besides Germany, but more especially by the natives of England. The causes of this preference, were the elegant moral ton that is supposed to predominate at this university, and the very extensive field of knowledge which the sciences there embraced. All the historical studies were here treated with the utmost zeal and talent, as the celebrated minister of Münchausen, who organized the university, made that a particular condition, at the foundation of the university.

Goettingen has ceased to be the first university of Germany, since the foundation of Berlin. The number of students has also considerably decreased, since the latest political events, when in the year 1831, in the month of January, the town of Goettingen, and the students of the university, made an insurrection; in consequence of which several governments, but more especially Prussia, withdrew their favor from the foundation.

In the course of the summer of the year 1834, the university numbered 860 students. Several of the professors have recently resigned in consequence of the proceedings of Ernest, king of Hanover.

A somewhat relaxed spirit, at present pervades almost all the branches of the sciences, at Goettingen, joined to a large share of pedantry. The science of history however, still preserves a marked ascendency.

In the faculty of theology, there reigns a system, bordering very much on rationalism, more especially under Gieseler, Pott, Trefurt; whilst Luecke, on the other hand, inclines more to a supernatural biblical theology.

There is but very little of a zealous and religious spirit, among the students of this university.

Fourth Period-from the French Revolution, till the present time.

1. BERLIN. When Halle, the then principal university of Prussia, was suppressed, in the year 1806, and when the town was taken from Prussia, the learned men of Halle sent a deputation to the king, who had fled to Memel, to entreat him to found a university in Berlin. The king granted this petition, on the 16th of August, of the year 1809. Several learned professors were immediately invited, and the lecturers began in the month of October of the year 1810, although the definitive organization was put off for a time.

The plan of the university was formed by the celebrated William von Humboldt, with the profound conviction, that the edifice ought to be erected on a historical basis, although the organization should be conformed to the new spirit of the period. Thus Berlin has become in some measure the universal mart of all the scientific acquirements which the human mind is capable of compassing. The numerous institutes, accessory to the university, (both learned and scientific,) very naturally tended to support it, in every way; and the liberality, and the zeal, with which the government strove to multiply its means of prosperity, contributed very much to bring about such a result.

The university of Berlin, therefore, notwithstanding its short existence, already forms an epoch in science, and numbers among its professors, some of the most learned and deserving men. Fichte, Solger, and particularly Hegel, have distinguished themselves in the faculty of philosophy; the distinguished Steffens, besides several disciples of Hegel's, at present teach in that faculty. The first professors of theology were,

These professors lecture on all the different doctrines of theology, which need not be described.

The professors of the faculty of law, are:

Next to these, we may also mention Edward Gaus, who, with his philosophic principles, has set himself in opposition to the historical school of the jurists. The oriental studies are particularly conducted by

Bopp,
Benary,

Professors of the Eastern Languages.

Petermann,

and others.

The first named professor is particularly renowned for his knowledge of the Sanscrit tongue.

The faculty of medicine possesses most extensive halls in the university, and all the accessory establishments of medical apparatus, are dependent on this faculty; the most distinguished professors of which are:

Besides the above-mentioned accessory establishments to the university, we may also mention those of the botanic garden out of the town; the anatomical theatre; the anatomical and zoological museum; the cabinet of mineralogy; the clinical hall; and the lying-in establishment, which is directed by the celebrated professor Busch.

There exists a department divided into four sections, for the education of young theologians, viz: a canon and dogma-historical section, conducted by Neander; a section for the elucidation of the New Testament, conducted by Twesten; one for that of the Old Testament, conducted by Hengstenberg; and another practical section, under the direction of Strauss.*

A philological seminary or department and several historical departments, are organized in the like manner.

The whole university reckons about 1,800 students.

The library, under the superintendence of the celebrated historian Wilken, contains above 250,000 volumes, besides many manuscripts.

There are in Berlin seven gymnasia, which are preparatory schools to the university of that town, and are all of them in a flourishing condition, some of them being very old, and richly endowed.

The celebrated academy of arts and sciences, founded by Frederic I., although it is not immediately connected with the university, exercises however a great influence, on the increasing of the professors' salary.

Although a great variety of doctrines are introduced into the faculty of theology, the principal lecturers, however, adhere mostly to the supranatural or orthodox system.

2. BONN-Obtained a university, so early as the year 1786, which was however suppressed in the year 1801, at the time of the domination of the French, and succeeded by a lyceum. When this town devolved to Prussia, after the years 1814 and 1815, a university became necessary for Westphalia and the Rhenish Provinces, and, after some hesitation in a choice, between the towns of Düsseldorf, Cologne, Coblentz, Trier and Aix-la-Chapelle, the town of Bonn was at last fixed upon.

The organic regulations of the Rhenish university of Bonn, were given by the king of Prussia at Aix-la-Chapelle, on the 18th of October, 1818.

* Dr. Strauss, an evangelical man and not the author of the late "Life of Christ."-Eds.

This university receives an annual income of 88,522 Prussian dollars, from the state treasury, and 2,781 dollars of its own revenues. The professors' salaries amount to 49,499 dollars yearly, and the library absorbs yearly 4,150 dollars.

The extensive castle, in which the university is established, and which was formerly the residence of the elector, is the largest and finest university edifice in all Europe. It contains also the library, of about 60,000 volumes, which was organized under the direction of the librarian Welcker; the university contains besides, the academic museum of antiquities; the collection of statues in plaster; a cabinet for objects belonging to the natural sciences; and a clinical institute. There exists also an anatomical theatre, in the university, and in the Chateau of Tust at Poppelsdorf, a quarter of a league from Bonn, may be seen the zoological and mineralogical collections; besides the botanic garden, and the economical institute.

An observatory, although determined on, is as yet not erected.

Stipends, refectories, prizes for emulation, and all kinds of the like advantages, are by no means wanting, at the university of Bonn. The university is divided into five faculties. That of theology is divided into a Catholic and a Protestant section, each of which has the precedence yearly, in turn.

There are upwards of fifty professors and deans attached to this university. The number of students, in the year 1832, was 910; at present it hardly exceeds 700.

The canonical and historical doctrine-institution belonging to the Protestant theological faculty, is conducted by Augusti; the exegetical by Bleek, and the practical by Nitzsch and Sack.

A particular convictorium exists in the Catholic theological faculty, formerly under the direction of the celebrated dogmatist Hermes, and afterwards under that of Gratz.

From among the former principal professors, we select the following, viz:

The reigning spirit of this university is very active and energetic.