many interesting expressions. At length, after a long and painful struggle, about eight o'clock in the evening, Nov. 24, 1819, he fell asleep in Jesus. The knell of the chapel bell, which broke the stillness of the evening, announcing to the college family and the neighborhood his departure, fell with leaden weight on many hearts. Every mark of respect was paid to his memory. A sermon was preached at his funeral by the Rev. Dr. Benjamin Tappan of Augusta. Prayers were offered by the Rev. Dr. Eliphalet Gillet of Hallowell. The body was deposited, with many sighs and tears, in the ancient cemetery, a mile south from the college plain. In the year following, it was removed to the new cemetery, opened in the pine grove in the rear of the colleges. A marble monument was erected over it by the Boards of college, with an appropriate Latin inscription prepared by Prof. Newman. Soon after the death of President Appleton, a volume was published containing some of his theological lectures, and a few sermons, with a sketch of his life and character by Dr. Tappan of Augusta. Another volume, containing his Baccalaureate Addresses, was also published. In 1837, Messrs. Gould and Newman, of Andover, published in two large and elegant octavo volumes, The Works of President Appleton, embracing his course of Theological Lectures, his Academic Addresses, and a selection from his Sermons, with a Memoir of his Life and Character by Prof. Packard. To this well-prepared memoir we are principally indebted for the preceding brief sketch of Dr. Appleton's life, as well as for the language in which it is communicated. These two volumes are among the richest presents which have ever been communicated to our religious public. For further particulars respecting President Appleton's character, consult American. Quarterly Register, vol. viii. p. 105, American Biblical Repository, vol. vii. p. 19, and a recent number of the Literary and Theological Review, where his works are reviewed by Dr. Tappan. A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE GERMAN UNIVERSITIES. (Continued from vol. x. p. 362.) Second Period-from the Reformation in 1517, till the peace of Westphalia in 1648. 1. MARBURG. The university of this town, the first one created after the Reformation, and in consequence thereof, was founded on the 30th of May, 1527, by Philip the Magnanimous, landgrave of Hesse; and consecrated on the 1st of July following. This was the first university that was not confirmed by the Pope, but by the emperor Charles V. only. The town of Marburg, situated in a romantic neighborhood, between Cassel and Frankfort on the Maine, was celebrated as having been the place of residence of St. Elizabeth, and for some time, the seat of the German community of that saint, as well as the primitive abode of the landgraves. Here also, at the instigation of Philip, the celebrated though fruitless theological conference took place, in the year 1529, between Luther and Melancthon, on the one hand, and Zwingle and Ecolampadius on the other. No sooner had Philip introduced the Reformation into his dominions, and acquired much power by the confiscation of papai property, than he established schools, and founded the university at Marburg. Four faculties were immediately organized by Lutheran professors. The buildings abandoned by the Dominicans, and by the monks, upon the introduction of the Reformation into Hesse, being made use of by them, as lecturing halls. Three professors of divinity, all of them eminent men, were attached to the university, viz: Francis Lambert, from Avignon, Erhard Schnepf, from Heilbronn, Professors of Divinity. This last professor at a later period acquired fame as the Reformer of Swabia. The professors of law, were, John Ferrarius, Montanus, Counsellor to the landgrave, and Professor of the Civil Law; and Sebastian Nuzenus, who was besides, Professor of the Hebrew language. Besides the above-mentioned, there were also several professors of philosophy and ethics; among whom we may mention, the celebrated Hermann, a Westphalian, as professor of humanities; and again, Nicholas Asclepius Barbatier, as professor of dialectics and ethics, and rector of the university. Helius Erbanus Hessus, also, who had studied at Frankfort, and been elected to the professorship at Erfurt, was soon invited to Marburg, where he wrote his celebrated Latin poem. To the above may also be added, John Draconites, a pupil of Erasmus; Andreas Gerhard Hyperius; John Dryandes, besides others. It is remarkable, although easily accounted for, that it was forbidden to give lectures on the canon law at this university. (Contra fas vocatum, jus canonicum.) The university reckoned 105 students, during the first year of its existence, amongst whom were to be met, even professors, clergymen and monks, from remote parts. John Ferrarius, was the first rector; and John Feygen (Ficinus) court-chancellor to Philip, was also chancellor of the university. Erbanus Hessus was rector, in the year 1538. The university received from Philip, in the year 1529, its laws, privileges, and statutes, besides costly insignia; and it was moreover consolidated with the income of several suppressed cloisters, which devolved to it; and by the establishment of a University-Aerarium, belonging to it. Philip even exempted all persons going to the university from every kind of imposts and civil charges. (Forum privilegiatum.) The long-delayed privileges, granted to the university by Charles V., arrived at last from Brussels, in the year 1541, and were immediately published in the university. Thus did the establishment speedily prosper, under the patronage of Philip, although the theologians did not agree; as Vegetius and Schnepf adhered more to Luther's doctrine, in regard to the communion more especially, whilst Andrew Gerhard, Hyperius, and others, on the contrary, inclined towards the doctrine of the Swiss Reformer. William IV. the Wise, and Lewis IV. the sons of Philip, continued the work begun by their father, and 317 students were received in the foundation, during the year 1603. Many men, who became celebrated in the course of time, were at that epoch students at the university, viz: Rudolph Hospinian, from Zurich; besides many princes, noblemen, and foreigners. The discipline which Philip established in this university, was most severe, if it be compared with that of the other institutions of the same kind; although he, at the same time, gave the students the utmost protection, and promoted their progress, in every way. The university however, after this period, had unfortunately to encounter many difficulties, such as the contagious diseases that reigned during the sixteenth century, the wars and the divisions among the princely houses, besides church quarrels. Thus, in consequence of the plague, the foundation was removed, in the year 1530, to Frankenberg, a town in Hesse, where Lambert died. A second plague, in the year 1542, drove the whole university to Gruenberg, whence they returned in 1543. Another removal to Frankenberg, also caused by the plague, took place in the year 1564. And finally, in the years 1575 and 1585, they were twice again driven away by the like contagions. The university was dispersed for the last time, in consequence of a new plague, in the year 1597. The jurists removed to Kirchhain; others to Gruenberg and Homberg, and the theologians, with the physicians, remained at Marburg. Philip also founded in 1529 an institution (or buerse,) for 50 children, natives of the country, who therein enjoyed board and lodging, under the superintendence of an Ephorus. Several stipends were also founded. The above named institution suffered much from the divisions of the two princely lines of Hesse-Cassel and Hesse-Darmstadt; as also by the foundation of Giessen in the year 1607. A pædagogium, or kind of gymnasium, for preparatory studies, was added to the university of Marburg, in the year 1527, and was placed under the inspection of the collegium-scholarcharum. Jacob Arminius, the celebrated founder of the Arminians, besides many young noblemen of Germany, Italy, and Denmark, were educated at this pædagogium, which has often been submitted to new organizations. The groundwork of the library of this university, was, like that of many other institutions, taken from the convent-library; but at a later period divided between the universities of Marburg and of Giessen, in the year 1650. It however received new accessions from donations and purchases, particularly in the course of the eighteenth century. After the death of the landgrave Philip, in the year 1567; the university was zealously patronized by his two sons, William IV. and Lewis IV. as has already been said. Morice, the son of William the Wise, succeeded them, in their protection of the establishment. I shall give the names of some of the most eminent lecturers, (besides those above mentioned,) who taught at the university in the course of the first century of its existence. tion of Hippocrates into Latin, pub-Physicians. lated Diosocrides, Galenus, Artemidas, Etius, and especially Plato, Peter Paganus, Peter Nigidius, Benedict Aretius, from Berne, Justus Valtijus, Caspar Rodolphi, Hermann Kircher, Philosophers. The university of Marburg, owing to the many misfortunes above stated, fell from its primitive splendor, in the course of the second century of its existence. So early as the year 1607, the establishment was removed to Frankenberg, and thence to Treysa, in consequence of the plague. The same cause produced another removal, in the year 1611. The active exertions that were made at a later period, towards the revival of this foundation, were frustrated by the thirty years' war, but still more so, by the strenuous efforts made by the landgrave Morice, to eradicate the Lutheran and introduce the Reformed doctrine; which desire of his, gave rise to the university of Giessen, only three German (fourteen English) miles distant from Marburg. Philip and his sons had intended that the university should be accessible to students of every communion; but when Morice, in the year 1664, went over to the Reformed church, and attempted to introduce the Reformed doctrine into all the countries belonging to Hesse-Cassel, by the deposition of the preachers who opposed it; no less than 41 preachers and professors laid down their charges. This circumstance determined Lewis the Faithful, of Darmstadt, to found a university of his own, at Giessen. Morice having, (in consequence of a lawsuit between the two houses,) come into possession of the whole inheritance of Lewis IV.; Marburg fell to the share of the house of Darmstadt, in the year 1624. Morice, however, himself an enlightened and learned man, granted the university a zealous protection, presented its library with rich collections, and added to the foundation the Mauritian college of Cassel. After the accession of Marburg to Darmstadt, Morice, in the year 1627, abdicated in favor of his third son, William V. the Constant. Morice had invited the professors to Cassel; but the Darmstadt government removed the university once more to Marburg; which reörganization was solemnly confirmed, on the 25th of May, 1625. It was thus, that John Winkelmann, and Balthasar Mentzer, returned to the university of Marburg, which was moreover revived, by an additional fund of 60,000 rix dollars. Lewis V., successor to George II., celebrated the first jubilee at the university in the year 1627; and the emperor Ferdinand II., after a proper investigation, granted it new liberties and privileges, in the year 1632. Among other privileges, the successive deans of the professors at law, obtained the right of an imperial comes-palatinus (count palatine) whereby he was empowered to legalize; to grant armorial bearings; and to elect imperial-poets-laureat, and notaries. This right was even extended to whole corporations; thus, for instance, the whole faculty of jurists, of Ingolstadt, obtained the like rights in the year 1623; and the rector, or the prorector, at Goettingen, also enjoyed the same privilege. From the year 1625 to 1650, students of every communion were admitted at Marburg. William V. however, founded a new university at Cassel, which soon absorbed all the donations and legacies, as well as the bequeathed property and lands, proceeding from, and situated in the countries under the domination of Hesse-Cassel. Stipends also were founded, in this university. The feud that had long existed between the two princely houses, having at last come to an end in the year 1648, Marburg was returned to Hesse-Cassel. In consequence of this restitution, the united institutions were disjoined, and their respective possessions and income divided. When, however, the act of division was called in question in the year 1650, after the death of William V., between his wife and successor, the landgrave Amalia Elisabeth, and George II., this latter, once more chose Giessen as the seat of the university. Among the eminent professors who taught at Marburg, down to the year 1650, the following are most deserving of notice, viz: Herrmann Vultejus, Professors of Divinity. Helfried Ulrich Hennius, prochancellor since 1625, Professors of the Law. John Kenepf, private physician to George II., John Balthasar Schuppus, Menno Hanneken, Professors of Medicine. Profes'rs of Philosophy. William VI., successor to his mother Amalia Elizabeth, raised Marburg to its former splendor; endowed it with several new foundations and the income of different cloisters, and recalled thither the professors from Cassel: after which, the second inauguration took place, on the 16th of June, 1653. John Crocius, professor of, divinity, was chosen rector and John Vultejus, chancellor. The foundation was strengthened by new laws, and statutes to the faculties; and the university, till the close of the seventeenth century, numbered many eminent men among its professors. The celebrated philosopher Wolf, upon his removal from Halle (see Halle) in the beginning of the eighteenth century, was gladly welcomed and harbored by the landgrave Charles; although his presence caused many scruples to arise, among the orthodox divines at Marburg. The prorectorship devolved on the professor of divinity, John Christian Kirchmayer, at the time of the second jubilee. There were, at that epoch, about 500 students at the university, where Wolf maintained his seat with reputation, till the year 1740, at which time he returned to Halle, in the reign of Frederic II. of Prussia. The most eminent among the professors during the first half of the eighteenth century, were, John Henry Hottinger, who resided in Heidelberg from the year 1717, Professors of Divinity. Christian Kirchmayer, John Joachim Schroeder, John Heinrich Kleinschmidt, Professors of the Law. The three universities of Frankfort on the Oder, Halle, and Goettingen, strove to engage the two last-named professors. We may mention also, among the eminent jurists, the imperial privy counsellor, and assessor to the imperial chamber of justice, in Wentzlar: Johann Carl Koenig, who taught at Marburg from the year 1742 to 1749, in which year he went to Halle. The university began to sink, in every respect, towards the close of the eighteenth century. The elector William I., however, raised it to new splendor. He revived the collegium carolinum, in Cassel, and invited the most eminent professors to Marburg. As the university, however, had hitherto been in the greatest want of academic institutions, from the heavy charges it had to support, the electorpatron, now caused the following accessary establishments to be organized, viz: a botanic garden; a shrubbery; an anatomical hall; another for the preparation of animal medicines; a lying-in establishment; a cabinet of zoology; one of mathematical instruments, and of the natural sciences; a clinical hall; and, lastly, an institution for students of political economy. Among the lecturers of modern times, the philosopher Wilhelm Gottlieb Tennemann, who died in the year 1819, is particularly worthy of notice. Marburg fell under the domination of the kingdom of Westphalia, in the year |