compelled to lead forth his warriors. The colonists lost no time in making preparations, and volunteers poured in from Massachussets and joined the troops at Plymouth. It was a warfare which required constant activity, for they had to deal with men endowed with singular faculties, silent and stealthy in their movements, swift of foot, and admirable marksmen, and who possessed the superior advantage of knowing every path of the forest, and could detect, by the leaf lightly folded in the path, or even from the dew but partially scattered from the drooping plant, the trail of the enemy.

"The labourer in the field, the reapers as they went forth to the barvest, men as they went to mill, the shepherd's boy among the sheep, were shot down by skulking foes, whose approach was invisible. Who can tell the heavy hours of woman? The mother, if left alone in the house, feared the tomahawk for herself and children; on a sudden attack, the husband would fly with one child, the wife with another, and, perhaps, one only escape! The village cavalcade, making its way to meeting on Sunday in files on horseback, the farmer, holding the bridle in one hand, and a child in the other, his wife seated on a pillion behind him, it may be with a child in her lap, as was the fashion in those days, could not proceed safely; but, at the moment when least expected, bullets would come whizzing by them, discharged with fatal aim from an ambuscade by the way side. The forest that protected the ambush of the Indians secured their retreat. They hung upon the skirts of the English villages 'like the lightning on the edge of the clouds." "Vol. ii. p. 103.

During the winter, the war was attended with less danger to the English; for the forests were bare, and afforded little protection to the skulking natives. But the miseries they endured were very great, and one town after another was laid in ashes by the Indian warriors. Under the gallant Turner a band was successfully led against them, and their numbers dwindled away; hope deserted them, and the gradual extermination of the tribe took place. Philip himself was chased from one haunt to another; at last his wife and children were taken prisoners." My heart breaks," said the Sachem; "now I am ready to die." And thus passed away the Narragansetts, one of the most prosperous tribes of New England. We have a curious instance of Charles the Second's absurd liberality to his favorites when he gave away "all the dominion of land and water, called Virginia," to Lord Culpepper, at that time a member of the commission for trade and plantations, and also to Henry, Earl of Arlington, a princely and well-bred person, and fond of every thing that was courtly and extravagant. The colonists were alarmed at the dangers which threatened them, and envoys were immediately despatched to remonstrate with the king. They set forth the natural liberties which they were entitled to, and their exemption from any arbi

trary taxation but they made no progress, after being detained more than twelve months in the country. It was a dangerous policy, on the part of Charles, to abridge the liberties of a people who enjoyed more freedom of life and thought than any other nation. The people then "were children of the wood, nurtured in the freedom of the wilderness;" clusters of houses were rarely met with, far less a village. Even James' Town consisted of only a state-house, one church, and eighteen houses; there were few roads beyond the bridle-path; neither books nor newspapers lightened their leisure hours; and those who did possess riches lived after the manner of the patriarchs of old, with their servants and flocks about them. Such was the state of the people whom Charles attempted to bind by rigid and burdensome exactions. "Loyalty was a feebler passion than the love of liberty." -"men feared injustice more than they feared disorder." The Seneca Indians had driven the Susquehannahs from the head of the Chesapeake to near the Piscataways, on the Potomac; and murders were committed on the borders of Virginia, which were avenged by the militia. John Washington, the great-grandfather of George Washington, led a body into Maryland to aid the people against the enemy; six chieftains came forward, wishing to make a treaty, and such were the vengeful passions of the English, that they were murdered. Sir William Berkeley, although he is represented as a tyrannical and obstinate man, yet, with the prompt gallantry of an old cavalier, displayed a feeling which did honour to him, in rebuking the horrible outrage that was committed. Such was the state of Virginia, when Nathaniel Bacon, a young and wealthy planter, feeling the abuses of the times, was chosen by the people for their leader. His character speedily indicated, that "he had not yielded the love of freedom to the enthusiasm of royalty." He carried his principles with him to the banks of the James' River, and the people flocked to his standard; such was the commencement of "the Grand Rebellion in Virginia." The lower countries took up arms, and demanded a dissolution of the old Assembly; Berkeley was compelled to yield, and new writs were issued. The greatest portion of the new members, together with Thomas Godwin, their speaker, were "much infected" with the political principles of Bacon, who was appointed commander-in-chief, and was hailed by the people as "the darling of their hopes." The acts of this Assembly restored the liberties of the people; but as they were not acceded to by Berkeley, Bacon withdrew from the city, and re-appeared at the head of five hundred men. The old governor advanced to meet them, and, baring his rugged breast, he said, "A fair mark, shoot!"-" I will not," replied Bacon, " hurt

a hair of your head, or of any man's; we are come for the commission to save our lives from the Indians."

Berkeley eventually yielded the commission, and a milder form of legislation was adopted by the Assembly. Tranquillity did not, however, long continue; for, through the vacillation of the governor, Bacon was again declared a traitor, and the civil war was renewed. We cannot follow the varied fortunes of the opposite parties; it ended with the death of Bacon, who sickened from a fever, and with the dismissal of Sir William Berkeley. "The old fool," said Charles, "has taken away more lives in that naked country, than I for the murder of my father." The results of this insurrection were by no means favorable to the colony; for the royal favor was considerably lessened, and a liberal charter was denied to them. A patent was conferred upon them, but not giving them one political franchise.

We pass over the account of the New Netherlands, and proceed to Mr. Bancroft's interesting description of the Quakers. This sect arose at a period when great difference of opinion existed in religion; almost all parties were opposed to each other, and reform was their continued theme. On the continent, the doctrines of Descartes had caused an inquiry after truth, and the study of morals and the mind. The faith of the Quaker was based upon these principles; but the chief feature in it was his possession of "the inner light," or the inward voice of God in himself. This it was that aided him in all his actions and thoughts, and, being a portion of the spirit of God, guided him to virtue. It was "the highest revelation of truth," and the Creator having given it to every man, gave therefore equal rights to the human race-" intellectual freedom, the supremacy of the mind, universal enfranchisement." Such was the result of the contemplative devotions of George Fox, the son of "righteous Christopher," a Leicestershire weaver. Like David and Tamerlane, and Sixtus the Fifth, he employed his time as a shepherd, and his early youth was passed in frequent prayers and fasts, and deep meditation. He became miserable in his religious thoughts, and continually "questioned his life." He made a journey to London, and consulted many priests; but they gave him no comfort, and he returned again to the country to his solitary walks and secret communings. He felt that God dwelt not in temples of stone, but in the hearts of men; the light dawned upon him, and gave repose to his aching spirit; the agony of doubt was removed, and he felt that truth could only be sought "by listening to the voice of God in the soul."

"At the very crisis, when the House of Commons was abolishing monarchy and the peerage, about two years and a half from the day when

Cromwell went on his knees to kiss the hand of the young boy who was Duke of York, the Lord, who sent George Fox into the world, forbade him to put off his hat to any, high or low; and he was required to thee and thou all men and women, without respect to rich or poor, to great or small. The sound of the church bell in Nottingham, the home of his boyhood, struck to his heart; like Milton and Roger Williams, his soul abhorred the hireling ministry of diviners for money; and on the morning of a first day, he was moved to go to a great steeple-house, and cry against the idol. "When I came there,' says Fox, the people looked like fallow ground, and the priest, like a great lump of earth, stood in the pulpit above. He took for his text these words of Peter: We have also a more sure word of prophecy;' and told the people this was the scriptures. Now the Lord's power was so mighty upon me, and so strong in me, that I could not hold, but was made to cry out, 'Oh no! it is not the scriptures, it is the spirit.'"-Vol. ii. p. 334.

Fox was most undaunted in his enthusiasm. He proclaimed his principles everywhere; and at Lancaster, forty priests appeared against him, and he was imprisoned and ill-treated. He, however, rebuking their conduct as "exceeding rude and devilish," battled every point with them. Driven from place to place, his fame increased with his persecution, and crowds gathered together to hear him; and so powerful and vigorous were his arguments, that the priests avoided him when he came near, (6 so that it was a dreadful thing to them when it was told them, 'the man in leather breeches is come.""

The principles of the Quaker exhibit, however, a dangerous enthusiasm, and repeatedly scriptural contradiction; they forget that the mind may be led away by too great a dependence on its powers, and that the "inner light" may, under temptation, prove but an ignis fatuus. And it remains with them to indicate the method or criterion of judgment by which a man may be enabled to distinguish the working of the spirit from the powers of his own mind, a task to which no modern metaphysician is equal. They favored, however, no Romanist views of celibacy, no monasteries, or nunneries," or religious bedlams;" but, feeling that the "inner light" is shed alike upon woman as upon man, that she was formed to be his equal companion in the journey of life, they founded the institution of marriage on permanent affection, and not on transient passion.

"The supremacy of mind abrogated ceremonies; the Quaker regarded 'the substance of things,' and broke up forms as the nests of superstition. Every Protestant refused the rosary and censer; the Quaker rejects common prayer, and his adoration of God is the free language of his soul. He remembers the sufferings of divine philanthropy, but uses neither wafer nor cup. He trains up his children to fear God, but never sprinkles them with baptismal water. He ceases from labor on the first day of

the week for the ease of creation, and not from reverence for a holiday. The Quaker is a pilgrim on earth, and life is but the ship that bears him to the haven; he mourns in his mind for the departure of friends by respecting their advice, taking care of their children, and loving those that they loved; and this seems better than outward emblems of sorrowing. His words are always freighted with innocence and truth; God, the searcher of hearts, is the witness to his sincerity: but kissing a book, or lifting a hand, is a superstitious vanity, and the sense of duty cannot be increased by an imprecation." Vol. ii. pp. 346, 347.

Such was the character of the people who met with so many grievous oppressions during the Long Parliament, that they eagerly looked to the new world for a resting place. We pass over the purchase of the moiety of New Jersey by John Fenwick in 1674, who safely arrived in this asylum with several families. In March, 1677, the fundamental laws of New Jersey were perfected, and English Quakers eagerly sought a land of peace and safety. The only drawback to the success of the colony was, that the agent of the Duke of York demanded customs from the ships that passed up to New Jersey. The arguments against him were triumphant, and the tax was considered illegal, and after this everything prospered. The history of the purchase of Pennsylvania by William Penn is too well known to need our commenting upon it. The character of this remarkable man is well described by Mr. Bancroft. He was hardly twelve years of age before his religious views displayed themselves, and his father, determined to subdue his enthusiasm, shut his door upon him; but, retaining a parent's feelings, he recalled him, and gave him permission to travel. He acquired by it grace of manners and those accomplishments which, when he returned to London and became a student of Lincoln's-Inu, caused him to be considered a most modish fine gentleman." But notwithstanding the favourable position he held in life, both in regard to wealth and the preferment which was before him, he had "a deep sense of the vanity of the world, and the irreligiousness of religion." Whilst under the influence of these feelings, he met in Ireland, in 1666, his old friend Thomas Loe, who soon awoke the fires which slumbered within his breast. He returned to England, and it was a capital, jest amongst his former fashionable companions, that " William Penn was a Quaker again, or some very melancholy thing." Cast off by his indignant father, he became an author, and published to the world his tenets. Penn was arraigned for speaking at a Quaker's meeting. The recorder, dissatisfied with the first verdict given by the jury, abused them, and said, "We will have a verdict by the help of God, or you shall starve for it!" "You are Englishmen," said Penn, “mind your privilege, give not away