fuch a degree, that a fufficient quantity is not left for the support of life. In fuch cafes, the perfon firft feels himself extremely chill and uneafy; he begins to turn liftlefs, unwilling to walk or use exercise to keep himfelf warm; and at last turns drowsy, fits down to refresh himself with fleep, but wakes no more. An inftance of this was feen not many years ago at Terra del Fuego; where Dr Solander, with fome others, having taken an excurfion up the country, the cold was fo intenfe, that one of their number died. The Doctor himself, though he had warned his companions of the danger of fleeping in that fituation, yet could not be prevented from making that dangerous experiment himself; and though he was awaked with all poffible expedition, his body was fo much fhrunk in bulk, that his fhoes fell off his feet, and it was with the utmoft difficulty that he was recovered.

In those parts of the world where vaft maffes of ice are produced, the accumulation of it, by absorbing the heat of the atmosphere, occafions an abfolute fterility in the adjacent countries, as is particularly the cafe with the island of Iceland; where the vaft collections of ice floating out from the Northern Ocean, and ftop ped on that coaft, are sometimes several years in thawing. Indeed, where great quantities of ice are collected, it would seem to have a power like fire, both augmenting its own cold and that of the adjacent bodies. An inftance of this is related under the article EvAPORATION, in Mr Wedgewood's experiment, where the true cause of this phenomenon is also pointed out. COLD, in medicine. See MEDICINE-Index. COLD, in farriery. See there, § iii.

COLDENIA, in botany: A genus of the tetragynia order, belonging to the tetrandria class of plants; and in the natural method ranked among thofe the order of which is doubtful. The calyx is tetraphyllous; the corolla funnel-fhaped; the flyles four; the feeds two and bilocular. There is but one fpecies, a native of India. It is an annual plant, whofe branches trail on the ground, extending about fix inches from the root. They are adorned with fmall blue flowers growing in clusters, which come out from the wings of the leaves. They are propagated by feeds fown on a hotbed; when the plants come up, they may be removed each into a feparate pot, and plunged into a hot-bed of tanner's bark, where they are to remain conftantly.

COLDINGHAM, fuppofed to be the Colonia of Ptolemy, and called by Bede the city Coldana and of Colud (Coludum), fituated on the borders of Scotland, about two miles from Eymouth, was a place famous many ages ago for its convent. This was the oldeft nunnery in Scotland, for here the virgin-wife Ethel dreda tock the veil in 670; but by the ancient name Coludum it should seem that it had before been inhabited by the religious called Culdees. In 870 it was deftroyed by the Danes, but its name rendered immortal by the heroifm of its nuns; who, to preferve themselves inviolate from those invaders, cut off their lips and nofes; and thus rendering themselves objects of horror, were, with their abbess Ebba, burnt in the monaftery by the difappointed favages. After this it lay deferted till the year 1098, when king Edgar founded on its fite a priory of benedictines in honour of St Cuthbert, and beftowed it on the monks of Durham.

Mr Pennant's defcription of the black, joyless, VOL. V. Part I.

Cole

heathy moor, where it was fituated, might be fuffici- Coldinguen ent to guard the fair inhabitants of the nunnery were it fill fubfifting. That defeription, however, is now altogether inapplicable: The whole tract, five miles over, has been fince improved, and converted into corn fields; the cheerlefs village of Old Cambus is no more; a decent ina with good accommodations has been eftablished at a convenient diftance; and the paffage of the fteep glen called the Peafe, which termi nates the moor on the road towards Edinburgh, and was formerly the terror of travellers, is now rendered fafe and eafy by means of a bridge extending from one fide of the charm to the other.

COLDINGUEN, a town of Denmark, in North Jutland, and diocefe of Ripen. It is remarkable for its bridge, over which pafs all the oxen and other cattle that go from Jutland into Germany, which brings in a confiderable revenue to the king. It is feated on an eminence, in a pleasant country abounding with game. E. Long. 9. 25. N. Lat. 55. 35. COLD-FINCH, a fpecies of MоTACILLA. COLD-SHIRE IRON, that which is brittle when

cold.

COLE (William), the most famous botanist of his time, was born at Adderbury in Oxfordshire, about the year 1626, and ftudied at Merton college in Oxford. He at length removed to Putney, near London; and published "The Art of Simpling; and Adam in Eden, or Nature's Paradife." Upon the refloration of king Charles II. he was made fecretary to Dr Duppa, bishop of Winchefter; but died two years after, aged 37. COLE FISH, a fpecies of GADUS.

COLE-Seed, the feed of the napus fativa, or longrooted, narrow.leaved rapa, called in English navew. and reckoned by Linnæus among the brafficas, or cabbage-kind. See BRASSICA.

This plant is cultivated to great advantage in many parts of England, on account of the rape oil expreffed from its feeds. The practice of fowing it was first introduced by thofe Germans and Dutchmen who drained the fens of Lincolnshire; and hence the notion hath generally prevailed, that it will thrive only in a marshy foil; but this is now found to be a mistake. In preparing the land which is to receive it, care muft be taken to plow it in May, and again about midfummer, making the ground as fine and even as pof fible. It is to be fown the very day of the last plowing, about a gallon on an acre. In the months of Ja nuary, February, and March, it affords very good food for cattle, and will sprout again when cut; after which it is excellent nourishment for fheep. After all, if it is not too closely fed, it will bear feed against next July. The fame caution, however, is requiîte with this food as with clover, till cattle are accustomed to it, otherwife it is apt to fwell them. When this plant is cultivated folely with a view to the feed, it muft be fown on deep ftrong land without dung, and muft be fuffered to ftand till one-half of the feeds at least are turned brown; which, according to the feasons, will be fometimes fooner fometimes later. In this ftate it is to be cut in the fame manner and with the fame care as wheat; and every handful as it is cut is to be regularly ranged on fheets, that it may dry leifurely in the fun, which will commonly be in a fortnight; after which it is to be carefully threshed out, and car

'S

ried

COLEWORT. See BRASSICA. COLERAIN, a large town of Ireland, in the county of Londonderry and province of Ulfter; feated on the river Bann, four miles fouth of the ocean, in W. Long. 7. 2. N. Lat. 55. 10. It was formerly a place of great confideration, being the chief town of a county erected by Sir John Perrot, during his government of Ireland; whereas it is now only the head of one of the baronies in the county of Londonderry; but it is ftill a corporation, and fends two members to parliament. It is of a tolerable fize, and very elegantly built. The port is very indifferent, occafioned by the extreme rapidity of the river, which repels the tide, and makes the coming up to the town difficult; fo that it has but little trade, and might perhaps have less, if it was not for the valuable salmon fishery, which amounts to fome thousand pounds ayear. If the navigation of the Bann could be opened, which is totally obftructed by a ridge of rocks, it would quickly change the face of things; for then, by the help of this river, and the Newry canal, there would be a direct communication acrofs the kingdom, and, with the affiftance of the Black-water river, which likewife falls into Lough Neagh, almost all the counties of the province of Ulfter might have a correfpondence with each other by water-carriage, to their reciprocal and very great emolument.

COLES (Élia), author of the well known Latin and English dictionary, was born in Northamptonshire about the year 1640; and was entered of Magdalene College Oxford, which he left without taking a degree; and taught Latin to young people, and English to foreigners, in London, about the year 1663. He afterwards became an usher in Merchant-taylor's school; but for fome great fault, nowhere exprefsly mentioned, he was forced to withdraw to Ireland, whence he never returned. He was, however, a good critic in the English and Latin tongues; and wrote several useful books of inftruction in his profeffion.

COLET (John), dean of St Paul's, the fon of Henry Colet knight, was born in London in the year 1466. His education began in St Anthony's fchool in that city, from whence, in 1483, he was fent to Oxford, and probably to Magdalene college. After feven years ftudy of logic and philofophy, he took his degrees in arts. About the year 1493, Mr Colet went to Paris, and thence to Italy, probably with a defign to improve himfelf in the Greek and Latin languages, which at this time were imperfectly taught in our univerfities. On his return to England in 1497, he took orders; and returned to Oxford, where he read lectures gratis, on the epistles of St Paul. At this time he poffeffed the rectory of Dennington in Suffolk, to which he had been inftituted at the age of 19. He was alfe prebendary of York, and canon of St Martin's le Grand in London. In 1502 he became prebendary of Sarum; prebendary of St Paul's in 1505; and immediately after dean of that cathedral, having previously taken the degree of doctor of divinity. He was no fooner aifed to this dignity, than he introduced the practice

5.

#

Colima.

of preaching and expounding the fcriptures; and foon Coliberts after established a perpetual divinity lecture in St Paul's church, three days in every week; an inftitution which gradually made way for the reformation. About the year 1508, dean Colet formed his plan for the foundation of St Paul's fchool, which he completed in 1512, and endowed with eftates to the amount of L. 122 and upwards. The celebrated grammarian, William Lilye, was his firft mafter, and the company of mercers were appointed trustees. The dean's notions of religion were fo much more rational than those of his cotemporary priests, that they deemed him little better than a heretic; and on that account he was fo frequently molefted, that he at latt determined to spend the left of his days in peaceful retirement. With this intention he built a houfe near the palace at Richmond; but, being feized with the fweating fickness, he died in 1519, in the 53d year of his age. He was buried on the fouth fide of the choir of St Paul's; and a ftone was laid over his grave, with no other infcription than his name. Besides the preferments above mentioned, he was rector of the guild of Jefus at St Paul's, and chaplain to king Henry VIII. Dean Colet, though a papift, was an enemy to the grofs fuperftitions of the church of Rome. He difapproved auricular confeffion, the celibacy of the priests, and fuch other ridiculous tenets and ceremonies as have ever been condemned by men of found understanding in every age and country. He wrote, 1. Rudimenta grammatices. 2. The conftruction of the eight parts of fpeech. 3. Daily devotions. 4. Epiftola ad Erafmum. 5. Several fermons; and other works which still remain in manefcript.

COLIBERTS (Coliberti), in law, were tenants in foccage, and particularly fuch villeins as were manumitted or made freemen. But they had not an abfolute freedom; for though they were better than fervants, yet they had fuperior lords to whom they paidcertain duties, and in that respect might be called fervants, though they were of middle condition between freemen and fervants.

COLIC, a fevere pain in the lower venter, fo call-ed because the colon was formerly supposed to be the part affected. See MEDICINE-Index.

COLIC, in farriery. See there, f. xiii.

COLIGNI (Gafpard de), admiral of France, was born in 1516. He fignalized himself in his youth, in the reigns of Francis I. and Henry II. and was made colonel of infantry and admiral of France in 1552. Henry II. employed him in the moft important affairs; but after the death of that prince, he embraced the reformed religion, and became the chief of the Proteftant party: he ftrongly oppofed the house of Guise, and rendered this oppofition fo powerful, that it was thought he would have overturned the French government. On the peace made after the battles of Jarnac and Montcontour, Charles IX. deluded Coligni into fecurity by his deceitful favours; and though he recovered one attempt on his life, when he attended the nuptials of the prince of Navarre, yet he was included in the dreadful maffacre of the Proteftants on St Bartholomew's-day 1572, and his body treated with: wanton brutality by a milguided Popish populace.

COLIMA, a fea-port town of Mexico in North America, and capital of a fertile valley of the fame.

name...

Colioure name. It is feated at the mouth of a river in W. Long. A 109. 6. N. Lat. 18. 30.

Collar.

the

COLITES, in natural hiftory, a name given by fome writers to a kind of pebble, found in the fhape of the human penis and teftes, and that either separately or both together.

COLLAERT (Adrian), an eminent engraver who flourished about 1550, was born at Antwerp. After having learned in his own country the first principles of engraving, he went to Italy, where he refided fome time to perfect himself in drawing. He worked entirely with the graver, in a firm neat ftyle, but rather ftiff and dry. The vast number of plates executed by his hand fufficiently evince the facility with which he engraved; and though exceedingly neat, yet they are feldom highly finished.

COLLAERT (Hans or John), fon to the foregoing, was also an excellent artist. He drew and engraved exactly in the ftyle of his father; and was in every refpect equal to him in merit. He must have been very old when he died; for his prints are dated from 1555 to 1622. He affifted his father in all his great works, and engraved befides a prodigious number of plates of various fubjects. One of his belt prints is Mofes friking the rock, a large print, lengthwife, from Lambert Lombard. A great number of fmall figures are introduced into this print; and they are admirably well executed: the heads are fine, and the drawing very correct.

COLLAR, in Roman antiquity, a fort of chain put generally round the neck of flaves that had run away, after they were taken, with an infcription round it, intimating their being deferters, and requiring their being reftored to their proper owners, &c.

COLLAR, in a more modern fenfe, an ornament confifting of a chain of gold, enamelled, frequently fet with ciphers or other devices, with the badge of the order hanging at the bottom, wore by the knights of feveral military orders over their fhoulders, on the mantle, and its figure drawn round their armories.

Thus, the collar of the order of the garter confifts

of S. S. with rofes enamelled red, within a garter enamelled blue, and the George at the bottom. Lord Mayor's COLLAR is more ufually called chain. See CHAIN.

Knights of the COLLAR, a military order in the republic of Venice, called alfo, the order of St Mark, or the medal. It is the doge and the fenate that confer this order; the knights bear no particular habit, only the collar, which the doge puts around their neck, with a medal, wherein is reprefented the winged lion of the republic.

COLLAR of a Draught-horfe, a part of harness made of leather and canvas, and ftuffed with straw or wool, to be put about the horse's neck.

COLLARAGE, a tax or fine laid for the collars of wine-drawing horses.

COLLATERAL, any thing, place, country, &c. fituated by the fide of another.

COLLATERAL, in genealogy, thofe relations which proceed from the fame ftock, but not in the fame line of afcendents or defcendents, but being, as it were, afide of each other. Thus, uncles, aunts, nephews, nieces, and coufins, are collaterals, or in the fame collateral line: thofe in a higher degree, and nearer the common root, reprefent a kind of paternity with regard to thofe more remote. See CONSANGUINITY.

COLLATERAL Succeffion. When a defunct, for want of heirs defcended of himself, is fucceeded in his eftate by a brother or fifter, or their defcendents, the estate, is faid to have gone to collateral heirs.

COLLATIA (anc. geog.), a town of the Sabines; thought to be diftant between four or five miles out of Rome to the caft; fituated on an eminence (Virgil). Of this place was Tarquinius Collatinus, married to Lucretia, ravifhed by Sextus Tarquinius (Livy); fituated on this or on the left fide of the Anio (Pliny). Extant in Cicero's time, but in Strabo's day only a village; now no trace remains of it.-Another fuppofed Collatia of Apulia, near mount Garganus; becaufe Pliny mentions the Collatini in Apulia, and Frontinus the Ager Collatinus

COLLATINA PORTA, a gate of Rome, at the Collis Hortulorum, afterwards called Pinciana,. from the Pincii, a noble family. Its name Collatina is from Collatia, to the right of which was the Via Collatina, which led to that town.

COLLINA, a gate of Rome at the Collis Quiri nalis, not far from the temple of Venus Erycina (Ovid); called alfo Salaria, because the Sabines carried their falt through it (Tacitus). Now Salara.

But

COLLATION, in the canon law, the giving or beftowing of a benefice on a clergyman by a bishop, who has it in his own gift or patronage. It differs from inftitution in this, that inftitution is performed by the bishop, upon the prefentation of another; and collation is his own act of presentation and it dif fereth from a common prefentation, as it is the giving of the church to the perfon, and prefentation, is the giving or offering of the perfon to the church. collation fupplies the place of presentation and inftitution; and amounts to the fame as inftitution where the bishop is both patron and ordinary. Anciently the right of presentation to all churches was in the bifhop; and now if the patron neglects to present to a church, then this right returns to the bishop by collation: if the bishop neglects to collate within fix months S 2

after

Collation after the elapfe of the patron, then the archbishop hath a right to do it; and if the archbishop neglects, then it devolves to the king; the one as fuperior, to fupply the defects of bishops, the other as fupreme, to fupply all defects of government.

Collect.

COLLATION, in common law, the comparifon or prefentation of a copy to its original, to fee whether or not it be conformable; or the report or act of the officer who made the comparifon. A collated act is equivalent to its original, provided all the parties concerned were prefent at the collation.

COLLATION, in Scots law, that right which an heir has of throwing the whole heritable and moveable eftates of the deceased into one mafs, and fharing it equally with the others in the fame degree of kindred, when he thinks fuch fhare will be more than the value of the heritage to which he had an exclufive title. COLLATION is also used among the Romanifts for the meal or repaft made on a faft-day, in lieu of a fupper. Only fruits are allowed in a collation: F. Lobineau obferves, that anciently there was not allowed even bread in the collations in Lent, nor any thing befide a few comfits and dried herbs and fruits; which cuftom, he adds, obtained till the year 1513. Cardinal Humbert obferves further, that in the middle of the 11th century there were no collations at all allowed in the Latin church in the time of Lent; and that the cuftom of collations was borrowed from the Greeks, who themselves did not take it up till about the 11th century. COLLATION is alfo popularly used for a repaft between meals, particularly between dinner and fupper. The word collation, in this fenfe, Du Cange derives from collocutio, "conference;" and maintains, that originally collation was only a conference, or converfation on fubjects of piety, held on faft days in monafteries; but that, by degrees, the cuftom was introduced of bringing in a few refreshments; and that by the exceffes to which thofe fober repafts were at length carried, the name of the abuse was retained, but that of the thing loft.

COLLATION of Seals, denotes one feal fet on the fame label, on the reverse of another.

COLLEAGUE, a partner or affociate in the fame office or magiftrature. See ADJUNCT.

COLLECT, COLLECTION, a voluntary gathering of money, for fome pious or charitable purpofe. Some Jay, the name colled, or collection, was used, by reafon thofe gatherings were anciently made on the days of collects, and in collecs, i. e. in affemblies of Chriftians; but, more probably, quia colligebatur pecunia.

COLLECT is fometimes alfo ufed for a tax, or impofition, raised by a prince for any pious defign. Thus, hiftories fay, that in 1166, the king of England, coming into Normandy, appointed a collect for the relief of the holy land, at the defire and after the example of the king of France. See CROISADE.

COLLECT, in the liturgy of the church of England, and the mafs of the Romanifts, denotes a prayer accommodated to any particular day, occafion, or the like. See LITURGY, and MASS.

In the general, all the prayers in each office are called colleas; either because the prieft fpeaks in the name of the whole affembly, whofe fentiments and defires he fums up by the word oremus, "let us pray," as is obferved by pope Innocent III, or, because those

prayers are offered when the people are affembled Collective together, which is the opinion of Pamelius on Tertullian. College. The congregation itself is in fome ancient anthors called collect. called colled. The popes Gelafius and Gregory are faid to have been the first who eftablished collects. Defpence, a doctor of the faculty of Paris, has an exprefs treatife on colles, their origin, antiquity, authors, &c.

COLLECTIVE, among grammarians, a term ap plied to a noun expreffing a multitude, though itself be only fingular; as an army, company, troop, &c. called collective nouns.

COLLECTOR, in general, denotes a person who gets or brings together things formerly dispersed and feparated. Hence,

COLLECTOR, in matters of civil polity, is a perfon appointed by the commiffioners of any duty, the inhabi tants of a parish, &c. to raise or gather any kind of tax. COLLECTOR, among botanifts, one who gets together as many plants as he can, without ftudying botany in a fcientifical manner.

COLLEGATORY, in the civil law, a person who has a legacy left him in common with one or more other perfons.

COLLEGE, an affemblage of feveral bodies or fo cieties, or of several perfons into one fociety.

College, among the Romans, ferved indifferently. for thofe employed in the offices of religion, of government, the liberal and even mechanical arts and trades; fo that, with them, the word fignified what we call a corporation or company.

In the Roman empire, there were not only the college of augurs, and the college of capitolini, i e. of those who had the fuperintendence of the capitoline games ;. but alfo colleges of artificers, collegia artificum; college of carpenters, fabricorum, or fabrorum tignariorum; of potters, figulorum; of founders, ærariorum; the col lege of locksmiths, fabrorum ferrariorum; of engineers of the army, tignariorum; of butchers, laniorum; of dendrophori, dendrophororum; of centonaries, centonariorum; of makers of military cafques, fagariorum; of tent-makers, tabernaculariorum; of bakers, piflorum; of musicians, tibicinum, &c. Plutarch obferves, that it was Numa who firft divided the people into colleges; which he did to the end that each confulting the interefts of their college, whereby they were divided from the citizens of the other colleges, they might not enter into any general confpiracy against the public repose.

Each of thefe colleges had diftinet meeting-places or halls; and likewife, in imitation of the state, a treafury and common cheft, a register, and one to reprefent them upon public occafions, and acts of government. Thefe colleges had the privilege of manumitting flaves, of being legates, and making by-laws for their own body, provided they did not clafh with thofe of the government.

There are various colleges on foot among the moderns, founded on the model of thofe of the ancients. Such are the three colleges of the empire, viz.

COLLEGE of Electors, or their Deputies, affembled in the diet of Ratisbon.

COLLEGE of Princes; the body of princes, or their deputies, at the diet of Ratifbon.

COLLEGE of Cities, is, in like manner, the body of deputies which the imperial cities fend to the diet. COLLEGE of Cardinals, or the Sacred COLLEGE; a

body

College. body compofed of the three orders of cardinals. See CARDINALS.

COLLEGE is alfo ufed for a public place endowed with certain revenues, where the feveral parts of learning are taught.

An affemblage of feveral of thefe colleges conflitute an univerfity. The erection of colleges is part of the royal prerogative, and not to be done, without the king's licence.

The eftablishment of colleges or univerfities is a remarkable period in literary hiftory. The fchools is cathedrals and monafteries confined themfelves chiefly to the teaching of grammar. There were only one or two mafters employed in that office. But, in colleges, profeffors are appointed to teach all the different parts of feience. The firft obfcure mention of academical degrees in the university of Paris (from which the other univerfities in Europe have borrowed most of their customs and inftitutions), occurs A. D. 1215.

COLLEGE of Civilians, commonly called Doctors Commons; a college founded by Dr Harvey, dean of the arches, for the profeffors of the civil law refiding in London; where ufually, likewife, refides the judge of the arches court of Canterbury, judge of the admiralty, of the prerogative court, &c. with other civilians; who all live, as to diet and lodging, in a collegiate manner, commoning together; whence the appellation of Doctors Commons. Their houfe being confumed in the great fire, they all refided at Exeterhouse in the Strand till 1672; when their former houfe was rebuilt, at their own expence, in a very splendid manner. To this college belong 34 proctors, who make themfelves parties for their clients, manage their caufes, &c. COLLEGE of Phyficians, a corporation of phyficians in London, who, by feveral charters and acts of parliament of Henry VIH. and his fucceffors, have certain privileges, whereby no man, though a graduate in phyfic of any univerfity, may, without licence un der the faid college-feal, practife phyfic in or within feven miles of London; with power to adminifter oaths, fine and imprifon offenders in that and several other particulars; to fearch the apothecaries fhops, &c. in and about London, to fee if their drugs, &c. be wholefome, and their compofitions according to the form prefcribed by the faid college in their difpenfatory. By the faid charter they are also freed from all troublefome offices, as to ferve on juries, be conftable, keep watch, provide arms, &c.

The fociety had anciently a college in Knight-riderAtreet, the gift of Dr Linacre phyfician to king Henry VIII. Since that time they have had a house built them by the famous Dr Harvey in 1652, at the end of Amen-corner, which he endowed with his whole inheritance in his lifetime; but this being burnt in the great fire in 1666, a new one was erected, at the expence of the fellows, in Warwick-lane, with a noble library, given partly by the marquis of Dorchefter, and partly by Sir Theodore Mayerne.

Of this college there are at prefent a prefident, four cenfors, eight electors, a register, and a treafurer, chofen annually in October; the cenfors have, by charter, power to furvey, govern, and arreft, all phyficians, or others practifing phyfic, in or within feven miles of London; and to hae, amerce, and imprison them, at

difcretion. The number of fellows was anciently thirty, till king Charles II. increafed their number to forty; and king James II. giving them a new charter, allowed the number of fellows to be enlarged fo as not to exceed fourscore; referving to himself and fucceffors the power of placing and difplacing any of them for the future.

The college is not very rigorous in afferting their privileges; there being a great number of physicians, fome of very good abilities, who practise in London, &c. without their licence, and are connived at by the college: yet, by law, if any perfon not expressly allowed to practife, take on him the cure of any disease, and the patient die under his hand, it is deemed felony in the practifer. In 1696, the college made a fubfcription, to the number of forty-two of their members, to fet on foot a difpenfatory for the relief of the fick poor: fince that they have erected two other difpenfatories.

Edinburgh COLLEGE of Phyficians was erected on the 29th November 1681. The defign of this inftitution was, to prevent the abuses daily committed by foreign and illiterate impoftors, quacks, &c. For this reafon,. his majefty, at the time above mentioned, granted letters patent to erect into a body corporate and politic, certain phyficians in Edinburgh and their fucceffors, by the title of "the Prefident and Royal College of Phyficians at Edinburgh," with power to choose annually a council of feven, one whereof to be prefident :: thefe are to elect a treasurer, clerk, and other officers; to have a common feal; to fue and be fued; to make laws for promoting the art of phyfic, and regulating the practice thereof, within the city of Edinburgh, town of Leith, and districts of the Canongate, Weftport, Pleafance, and Potter row; through all which the jurifdiction of the college extends. Throughout this jurifdiction, no perfon is allowed to practife phyfic, without a warrant from the college, under the penalty of L. 5 Sterling the first month, to be doubled monthly afterwards while the offence is continued; one-half the money arifing from fuch fines to go to the poor, the other to the ufe of the college. They are alfo empowered to punish all licentiates in phyfic within the above mentioned bounds, for faults committed against the inftitutions of the college; and to fine them of fums not exceeding 40 s. On fuch occafions,, however, they must have one of the bailies of the city to fit in judgment along with them, otherwife their fentence will not be valid. They are alfo empowered to fearch and infpect all medicines within their jurifdiction, and throw out into the street all fuch as are bad or unwholefome. That they may the better attend their patients, they are exempted from watching, warding, and ferving on juries. They are, however, reftrained from erecting schools for teaching the art of phyfic, or conferring degrees on any perfon qualified: for the office of a phyfician; but are obliged to licenfe all fuch as have taken their degrees in any other univerfity, and to admit as honorary members all the pro-feffors of phyfic in the reft of the univerfities of Scotland. Thefe privileges and immunities are not, however, to interfere with the rights and privileges of the apothecary furgeons, in their practice of curing wounds,, contufions, fractures, and other external operations.

Edinburgh COLLEGE of Surgeons. This is but a very

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