anus

Common.

oppofed to proper, peculiar, &c. Thus, the earth is Common. faid to be our common mother; in the firft or golden age all things were in common, as well as the fun and clements: the name animal is common to man and beaft; that of fubflance to body and spirit..

Commodi-dition of reftoring again the fame individual after a certain term. The commodate is a kind of loan: there is this difference, however, between a loan and a commodate, that the latter is gratis, and does not transfer the property: the thing must be returned in effence, and without impairment: fo that things which. confume by ufe or time cannot be objects of a commodate, but of a loan; in regard they may be return ed in kind, though not in identity. See Law, Part III. No clxxiii. 8.

COMMODIANUS (Gazæus), a Chriftian author in the 4th century, who wrote a work in Latin verfe, intitled Inftructions; the moral of which is excellent, but the verse extremely heavy. M. Davies published a fine edition of it in 1711, at the end of Minucius Felix.

COMMODITY, in a general fenfe, denotes all forts of wares and merchandizes whatsoever that a perfon deals or trades in.

Staple COMMODITIES, fuch wares and merchandizes as are commonly and readily fold in a market or exported abroad; being for the moft part the proper produce or manufacture of the country.

COMMODORE, a general officer in the British marine, invefted with the command of a detachment of fhips of war deftined on any particular enterprife, during which time he bears the rank of brigadiergeneral in the army, and is diftinguished from the inferior fhips of his fquadron by a broad red pendant tapering towards the outer end, and fometimes forked. The word is corrupted from the Spanish, comendador.

COMMODORE is also a name given to some select fhip in a fleet of merchantmen, who leads the van in time of war, and caries a light in his top to conduct the reit, and keep them together. He is always the oldeft captain in the fleet he commands.

COMMODUS (L. Aurelius Antoninus), fon of M. Antoninus, fucceeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel and fond of indul ging his licentious propenfities. He willed to be calld Hercules; and, like that hero, he adorned his fhoulders with a lion's fin, and armed his hand with a knotted club. He publicly fought with the gladiators, and boafled of his dexterity in killing the wild beats in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours from the fenate, and they were granted. He was wont to put fuch an immenfe quantity of gold duft in his hair, that when he appeared bare-headed in the funthine, his head glittered as if furrounded with fun-beans. Martia, one of his concubines, whofe death he had prepared, poifoned him; but as the poifon did not quickly operate, he was Arangled by a wreitler. He died in the 31st year of his age, and the 13th of his reign. It has been obferved, that he never truited himself to a barber; but always burnt his beard, in imitation of the tyrant Dionyfius.

A. D. 192.

COMMON, COMMUNIS, fomething that belongs to all alike; is owned or allowed by all; and not confined to this more than that. In which fenfe, common ftands VOL. V. Part I.

COMMON, Communia, (i. e. quod ad omnes pertinet), in law, fignifies that soil, the ufe whereof is common to a particular town or lordship; or it is a profit that a man hath in the land of another perfon, ufually in common with others; or a right which a perfon hath to put his cattle to pature into ground that is not his own. And there is not only common of pallure, but also common of pifcary, common of eftovers, common of turbary, &c. And in all cafes of common, the law doth much refpect the custom of the place; for there the rule is, confuetudo loci eft obfervanda. See Com

MONTY.

COMMON Council. See CoUNCIL.

COMMON Law, that body of law received as rules in these kingdoms, before any flatute was enacteḍ in parliament to alter the fame. See Law, Part II. n' 36.

COMMON-PLACE Bock, is a register of what things occur, worthy to be noted, in the course of a man's thinking or ftudy, fo difpofed as that among a num ber of fubjects any one may be eafily found. The advantages of making a common-place book are many: it not only makes a man read with accuracy and attention, but induces him infenfibly to think for himfelf, provided he confiders it not fo much as a register of fentiments that strike him in the courfe of reading, but as a register of his own thoughts upon various fubjects. Many valuable thoughts occur even to men of no extraordinary genius. Thefe, without the affiftance of a common-place book, are generally loft both to himself and others. There are various methods of arranging common-place books; that of Mr Locke is as good as any that have hitherto been con

trived.

The fir page of the book you intend to take down their common-place in, is to ferve as a kind of index to the whole, and to contain references to every place or matter therein; in the commodious contrivance of which index, fo as it may admit of a fufficient copia or variety of materials, without any confufion, all the fecret of the method confiits.

In order to this, the firft page, as already mentioned, or, for more room, the two first pages that front each other, are to be divided, by parallel lines, into 25 equal parts; whereof every fifth line is to be diftinguifhed by its colour or other eircumftance. These lines are to be cut perpendicularly by others, drawn from top to bottom; and in the feveral fpaces thereof, the feveral letters of the alphabet, both capital and minufcle, are to be duly wrote.

The form of the lines and divifions, both horizontal and perpendicular, with the manner of writing the let ters therein, will be conceived from the following fpecimen; wherein, what is to be done in the book for all the letters of the alphabet, is here fhown in the first four, A, B, C, and D.

Ee

A

In order to this, confider to what head the thing you would enter is most naturally referred; and under which one would be led to look fr fuch a thing: in this head, or word, regard is had to the initial letter, and the first vowel that follows it; which are the characteristic letters whereon all the use of the index depends.

Suppofe (e. gr.) I would enter down a paffage that refers to the head beauty. B, I confider, is the initial letter, and e the firft vowel: then, looking upon the index for the partition B, and therein the line e (which is the place for all words whofe first letter is b, and firft vowel e; as beauty, beneficence, bread, breeding, blemishes), and finding no numbers already down to direct me to any page of the book where words of this characteristic have been entered, I turn forward to the first blank page I find (which, in a fresh book, as this is fuppofed to be, will be page 2d), and here write what I have occafion for on the head beauty; beginning the head in the margin, and indenting all the other fubfervient lines, that the head may ftand out and show itself: this done, I enter the page where it is wrote, viz. 2, in the index in the fpace Be; from which time, the clafs be becomes wholly in poffeffion of the 2d and 3d pages, which are configned to letters of this characteristic.

Had I found any page or number already entered in the fpace Be, I mult have turned to the page, and have wrote my matter in what room was left therein : fo, if after entering the paffage on beauty, I fhould have occafion for benevolence, or the like, finding the number 2 already poffeffed of the fpace of this characteristic, I begin the paffage on benevolence in the remainder of the page, which not containing the whole, I carry it on to page 3d, which is alfo for be; and add the number 3 in the index.

COMMON Pleas is one of the king's courts now held conftantly in Westminster-hall, but in former times was moveable.

All civil caufes, as well real as perfonal, are, or were formerly, tried in this court, according to the ftrict law of the land. In perfonal and mixed actions it has a concurrent jurifdiction with the king's bench, but has no cognizance of pleas of the crown. The actions belonging to the court of common pleas come thither by original, as arrefts and outlawries; or by privilege, or attachment for or againft privileged per fons; or out of inferior courts, not of record, by pone, recordari, accedas ad curiam, writ of falfe judgment, &c.

The chief judge of this court is called lord chief justice of the common pleas, who is affifted by three other judges. The other officers of the court are the caflos brevium, who is the chief clerk; three prothonotaries, and their fecondaries; the clerk of the warrants, clerk of the effoins, 14 filazers, 4 exigentors, a clerk of the juries, the chirographer, the clerk of the king's filver, clerk of the treafury, clerk of the feal, clerk of the outlawries, clerk of the inrolment of fines and recoveries, and clerk of the errors.

COMMON-Prayer is the liturgy in the church of England: (See LITURGY.) Clergymen are to ufe the public form of prayers prefcribed by the Book of Common Prayer; and refufing to do fo, or ufing any other public prayers, are punishable by ftat. 1 Eliz. c. ii.

COMMON, in grammar, denotes the gender of nouns which are equally applicable to both fexes: thus, parens, "a parent," is of the common gender.

COMMON, in geometry, is applied to an angle, line, or the like, which belongs equally to two figures.

COMMON Divifor, a quantity or number which exactly divides two or more other quantities or numbers, without leaving any remainder. COMMONALTY, the lower of the two divifions of the civil state. See CIVIL State.

The commonalty, like the nobility, are divided into feveral degrees: and as the lords, though different in rank, yet all of them are peers in refpect of their nobility; fo the commoners, though fome are greatly fuperior to others, yet all are in law commonalty, in refpect of their want of nobility.

1. The first name of dignity next beneath a peer was anciently that of vidames, vice-domini, or valvafors: who are mentioned by our ancient lawyers as viri magna dignitatis; and Sir Edward Coke fpeaks highly of them. Yet they are now quite out of ufe; and our legal antiquarians are not agreed upon even their original or ancient office.

2. Now, therefore, the first perfonal dignity after the nobility is a knight of the order of St George, or of the garter, first instituted by Edw. III. A. D. 1344.

3. Next (but not till after certain official dignities, as privy-counfellors, the chancellors of the exchequer and duchy of Lancafter, the chief justice of the king's bench, the mafter of the rolls, and the other English judges), follows a knight banneret; who indeed, by ftatutes 5 Richard II. ftat. 2. c. 4. and 14 Richard II. c. 11. is ranked next after barons; and his precedence before the younger fons of vifcounts was confirmed to him by order of King James I. in the tenth year of his reign. But in order to intitle him to this rank, he must have been created by the king in perfon, in the

Common, Commonaty.

Commonal-field, under the royal banners, in time of open war; ty, elfe he ranks after Commoner.

4. Baronets; who are the next in order: which title is a dignity of inheritance, created by letters patent, and ufually defcendible to the issue-male. See BARO

NETS.

5. Next follow knights of the Bath. See BATH. 6. The last of thefe inferior nobility are knights bachelors; the most ancient, though the lowest, order of knighthood amongst us. See BACHELOR.

7. The above, with those enumerated under the article NOBILITY, Sir Edward Coke fays, are all the names of dignity in this kingdom; efquires and gentlemen being only names of worship. But before these laft the heralds rank all colonels, ferjeants at law, and doctors in the three learned profeffions.

fice.

8. Efquires and gentlemen are confounded together by Sir Edward Coke; who obferves, that every efquire is a gentleman, and a gentleman is defined to be one qui arma gerit," who bears coat-armour;" the grant of which adds gentility to a man's family: in like manner as civil nobility among the Romans was founded in the jus imaginum, or having the image of one ancestor at leaft who had borne fome curule of It is indeed a matter fomewhat unfettled what conftitutes the diftinction, or who is a real efquire; for it is not an estate, however large, that confers this rank upon its owner. Camden, who was himself a herald, diftinguishes them the most accurately; and he reckons up four forts of them: 1ft, The eldest fons of -knights, and their eldeft fons, in perpetual fucceffion. 2dly, The eldest fons of younger fons of peers, and their eldest fons, in like perpetual fucceffion: both which species of efquires Sir Henry Spelman intitles armigeri natalitii. 3dly, Efquires created by the king's letters patent, or other inveftiture; and their eldeft fons. 4thly, Efquires by virtue of their office; as juftices of the peace and others who bear any office of truft under the crown. To these may be added the efquires of the knights of the bath, each of whom conftitutes three at his inftallation; and all foreign, nay, Irish peers; for not only thefe, but the eldeft fons of peers of Great Britain, though frequently titular lords, are only efquires in the law, and muit be fo named in all legal proceedings.

9. As for gentlemen, fays Sir Thomas Smith, they be made good cheap in this kingdom: for whofoever ftudieth the laws of the realm, who studieth in the univerfities, who profeffeth literal fciences, and (to be fhort) who can live idly and without manual labour, and will bear the part, charge, and countenance of a gentleman, he shall be called mafter, and shall be taken for a gentleman.

10. A yeoman is he that hath free land of 40s. by the year; who is thereby qualified to ferve on juries, vote for knights of the fhire, and do any other act where the law requires one that is probus et legalis

bomo.

11. The reft of the commonalty are tradefinen, artificers, and labourers; who (as well as all others) must, in purfuance of the ftatute i Henry V. c. 5. be styled by the name and addition of their eftate, degree, or mystery, in all actions and other legal proceedings.

COMMONER, or GENTLEMAN-COMMONER, in the universities, a ftudent entered in a certain rank,

COMMONS, or House of COMMONS, a denomina- Common, tion given to the lower houfe of parliament. See PAR- Commonty.

LIAMENT.

The commons confift of all fuch men of any property in the kingdom as have not feats in the house of lords, every one of whom has a voice in parliament, either perfonally or by his reprefentatives. In a free ftate, every man, who is fuppofed a free agent, ought to be in fome meafure his own governor; and therefore a branch at leaft of the legiflative power fhould refide in the whole body of the people. And this power, when the territories of the ftate are fmall, and its citizens eafily known, fhould be exercised by the people in their aggregate or collective capacity, as was wifely ordained in the petty republics of Greece, and the first rudiments of the Roman ftate. But this will be highly inconvenient when the public territory is extended to any confiderable degree, and the number of citizens is increased. Thus when, after the focial war, all the burghers of Italy were admitted free citizens of Rome, and each had a vote in the public affemblies, it became impoffible to diftinguifh the fpurious from the real voter, and from that time all elections and popular deliberations grew tumultuous and disorderly; which paved the way for Marius and Sylla, Pompey and Cæfar, to trample on the liberties of their country, and at laft to diffolve the commonwealth. In fo large a state as ours, therefore, it is very wifely contrived, that the people fhould do that by their reprefentatives which it is impracticable to perform in perfon; representatives chofen by a number of minute and feparate diftricts, where in all the voters are or may be eafily distinguished. The counties are therefore reprefented by knights, elected by the proprietors of lands; the cities and bo roughs are reprefented by citizens and burgefles, chofen by the mercantile or fuppofed trading interest of the nation; much in the fame manner as the burghers in the diet of Sweden are chosen by the corporate towns, Stockholm fending four, as London does with us, other cities two, and fome only one. The number of English reprefentatives is 513, of Scots 45; in all 558; and every member, though chofen by one particular district, when elected and returned, ferves for the whole realm: for the end of his coming thi ther is not particular, but general; not barely to advantage his conftituents, but the commonwealth; to advife his majesty, as appears from the writ of fum

"de communi confilio fuper negotiis quibufdam arduis et urgentibus, regem, ftatum, et defenfionem regni Angliæ et ecclefiæ Anglicane concernentibus." And therefore he is not bound, like a deputy in the United Provinces, to confult with, or take the advice of, his conftituents upon any particular point, unless he himself thinks it proper or prudent fo

to do.

The peculiar laws and cuftoms of the house of commons relate principally to the raifing of taxes, and the elections of members to ferve in parliament. See TAXES and ELECTIONS.

Doctors COMMONS. See COLLEGE of Civilians. Proctor of the CoMMONS. See PROCTOR. COMMONTY, in Scots law, fometimes fignifies lands belonging to two or more common proprietors; fometimes a heath or muir though it fhould beEez long

COMMONWEALTH. See REPUBLIC. COMMOTE, an ancient term in Wales, denoting half a cantred, or hundred; containing 50 villages. See HUNDRED. Wales was anciently divided into three provinces; each of thefe fubdivided into cantreds, and every cantred into two commotes or hun dreds. Silvefter Girald, however, tells us in his itinerary, that a commote is but a quarter of a hundred. COMMUNES, in botany, the name of a claís in Linnæus's methodus Calycina, confifting of two plants which, like teazel and dandelion, have a calyx or flower-cup common to many flowers or florets. Thefe are the aggregate or compound flowers of other fy items.

COMMUNIBUS Locis, a Latin term, in frequent ufe among philofophical, &c. writers; implying fome medium, or mean relation, between feveral places. Dr Keil supposes the ocean to be one quarter of a mile deep, communibus locis, q. d. at a medium, or taking one place with another.

COMMUNIBUS Annis, has the fame import with regard to years, that communibus locis has with regard to places. Mr Derham obferves that the depth of rain, communibus annis, or one year with another, were it to ftagnate on the earth, would amount in Townley in Lancashire, to 424 inches; at Upminiter in Effex, to 194; at Zurich, 32; at Pifa, 434; and at Paris to 19 inches.

COMMUNICATING, in theology, the act of receiving the facrament of the eucharift. Thofe of the reformed, and of the Greek church, communicate under both kinds; thofe of the Romish, under only one. The oriental communicants receive the fpecies of wine by a fpoon, and anciently they fucked it through a pipe, as has been obferved by Beat. Rheanus on Tertullian. COMMUNICATION, in a general fenfe, the act of imparting fomething to another.

COMMUNICATION is alfo ufed for the connection of one thing with another, or the paffage from one place to another: thus a gallery is a communication between two apartments.

COMMUNICATION of motion, the act whereby a body at reft is put into motion by a moving body; or, it is the acceleration of motion in a body already moving.

Lines of COMMUNICATION, in military matters, trenches inade to continue and preferve a fafe correfpondence between two forts or pofts; or at a fiege, between two approaches, that they may relieve one another.

Canal of COMMUNICATION. See CANAL. COMMUNION, in matters of religion, the being united in doctrine and difcipline; in which fenfe of the word, different churches are faid to hold communion with each other.

In the primitive Chriftian church, every bishop was obliged, after his ordination, to fend circular letters to foreign churches, to fignify that he was in communion with them. The three grand communions into which the Chriflian church is at prefent divided, is

nion.

that of the church of Rome, the Greek church, and Commuthe Proteftant church: but originally all Chriftians were in communion with each other, having one common faith and discipline.

COMMUNION is alfo ufed for the act of communicating the facrament of the eucharift, or the Lord's fupper.

The fourth council of Lateran decrees, that every believer fhall receive the communion, at least, at Eafter; which feems to import a tacit defire, that they should do it oftener; as, in effect, they did it much oftener in the primitive days. Gratian, and the master of the fentences, prescribe it as a rule for the laity, to communicate three times a-year, at Eafter, Whitfuntide, and Christmas. But in the 13th century, the practice was got on foot, never to approach the cucharift except at Falter; and the council thought fit to enjoin it then by a law, left their coldnefs and remiffacfs fhould go farther ftill. And the council of Trent renewed the fame injunction, and recommended frequent communion without enforcing it by an exprefs decree.

In the ninth century, the communion was ftill received by the laity in both kinds; or, rather, the fpeeies of bread was dipped in the wine, as is owned by the Romanifts themfelves. (Acta SS. Benedict. Sæc, III.) M. de Marca obferves, that they received it at fuit in their hands, Hift. de Bearn. and believes the communion under one kind alone to have had its rife in the Welt under pope Urban II. in 1096, at the time of the conqueft of the Holy Land. And it was more folemnly enjoined by the council of Conftance in 1414. The twenty-eighth canon of the council of Clermont enjoins the communion to be received under both kinds, diftinctly; adding, however, two exceptions; the one of neceflity, the other of caution, nifi per neceffitatem & cautelam; the firit in favour of the tick, the fecond of the abftemious, or thofe who had an averfion for wine.

It was formerly a kind of canonical punishment, for clerks guilty of any crime, to be reduced to lay commu nion, i. e. only to receive it as the laity did, viz. under one kind.

They had another punishment of the fame nature, though under a different name, called foreign commu-. nion; to which the canons frequently condemned their bithops and other clerks. This punishment was not any excommunication, or depofition; but a kind of fufpenfion from the function of the order, and a degradation from the rank they held in the church. It had its name because the communion was only granted to the criminal on the foot of a foreign clerk, i. e. being reduced to the lowest of his order, he took place after all those of his rank, as all clerks, &c. did in the churches to which they did not belong. fecond council of Agda orders every clerk that absents himself from the church to be reduced to foreign communion.

The

COMMUNION Service, in the liturgy of the church of England, the office for the administration of the holy facrament, extracted from feveral ancient liturgies, as thofe of St Bafil, St Ambrofe, &c.

By the last rubric, part of this fervice is appointed to be read every Sunday and holyday, after the morning prayer, even though there be no communicants.

COM

Commu

COMMUNITY, denotes a fociety of men living nity in the fame place, under the fame laws, the fame reCompanion gulations, and the fame cuftoms.

COMMUTATION, in law, the change of a penalty or punishment from a greater to a leís; as when death is commuted for banishment, &c.

COMNENA (Ann) daughter of Alexus Comnenus emperor of the Eaft; memorable for her great learning and virtue, and for her Hiftory of the life and actions of her father, which is highly esteemed. She flourished about the year 1117. The hiftory, which is in 15 books, was first published very imperfectly by Hefchelius in 1610; and afterwards printed in the collection of the Byzantine hiftorians, with a diffufe and incorrect Latin verfion by the Jefuit Poffimus, but with excellent notes by the learned Du Frefne.

COMO, a ftrong and populous town of Italy, in the ducky of Milan, and in the Comalco, with a bishop's fee. It was taken by the Imperialifts in 1706, and is feated on a lake of the fame name in E. Long. 8. 57. N. Lat. 45, 45.

COMO, the lake fo called, is the largeft in Italy. It is fituated in the duchy of Milan in the Comafco, on the confines of Swifferland and the Grifons. It is 88 ailes in circumference, yet is not above 6 miles over in any part.

COMORA iflands, lie between the north end of the ifland of Madagafcar and the coaft of Zanguebar, from 10 to 15 degrees fouth latitude. Authors difier greatly with regard to their number, fome fpeaking of three, others of five, and fome of eight of thefe ifands. They all abound in horned cattle, sheep, hogs, and a variety of fruits common in warm countries. They are faid alfo to produce a kind of rice which turns of a violet colour when boiled. The most remarkable of them, and which the Europeans are beft acquainted with, is the inland of Johanna. See that article.

COMORIN, or CAPE COMORIN, the moft foutherly promontory of the Hither India, lying north-weft of the island of Ceylon.

name.

COMORRA, a handsome and large town of Lower Hungary, and capital of a territory of the fame It is fo well fortified, that the Turks could never take it. The greateft part of the inhabitants are Hungarians or Ruffians, who are very rich, and are of the Greek religion. It is feated on the river Danube, in the island of Sihut. E. Long. 18. 25. N. Lat. 47. 50.

COMOS, in botany, from Coma. An order of plants in the former editions of Linnæus's Fragments of a Natural Method, confifting of the spiked willow or fpiræa frutex, dropwort, and greater meadowfweet. Thefe, though formerly diftinct genera, are by Linnæus collected into one, under the name of fpiraa. The flowers growing in a head, resemble a bush, or tuft of hair, which probably gave rife to the epithet Gomofa.

COMPACT, in philofophy, is faid of bodies which are of a clofe, denfe, and heavy texture, with few and thofe very small.

pores,

COMPACT, in a legal fenfe, fignifies an agreement, or contract ftipulated between several parties. COMPANION, one with whom a man frequently

converfes.

As the human mind cannot always be on the Companion ftretch, nor the hands always employed in labour, recreation becomes both agreeable and neceffary. Of all recreations, that of the company of a few chofen companions must be allowed to be the moft manly and molt improving: but as in thofe hours of recreation we are moft in danger of being mifled, being generally at fuch seasons more off our guard than ufual, the greateft care fhould be taken in making choice of which to affociate with; for according to our choice of them, both our character and difpofition will receive a tineture, as waters paffing through minerals partake of their talte and efficacy. This is a truth fo univerfally received, that it is become a proverb both in the natural and moral world, That a man is known by his company. As by chemistry we learn, that difcordant mixtures produce nothing but broil and fermentation till one of them gets the afcendency of the reft; fo from feripture we learn, that two cannot walk toge ther except they be agreed. From which we may fee, how impoffible it is for any one to be thought a perion of real goodnefs and integrity, whilft he choofeth for his companions the abandoned and licentious.

By herding with fuch, he will not only lofe his character, but his virtue; for whatever fallacious diflinction he may be pleafed to make between the men and their vices, in the end the firft generally qualifies the laft; and by ceafing to hate them he will foon learnt both to love and practife them. In fhort, the fociety of fenfual men is peculiarly enfnaring. The malignity of their contagion doth not appear all at once. Their frolics first appear harmlefs; then, when partaken of, they leave a longing relifh behind them; and one appointment makes way for another, one expence leads on to a fecond; and fo time and fortune are walled away to very bad purpose. Then one appetite craves, and another must be gratified, till all become too im portunate to be denied; which verifies what the wifeft of men long fince faid, "That the beginning of fin is like the breaking forth of waters, which when it once maketh an entrance, carrieth all before it with rushing impetuofity." Some pangs of remorfe may be felt by the infatuated creature on his firft degeneracy, and fome faint refolutions against being feduced any more; which will no fooner be discovered by thofe leaders to deftruction, but all arts will be used to allure him back to bear them company in the broad beaten path to ruin. Of all which methods, none is more to be dreaded than raillery; for this is generally exercited with all its force, and too often proves fatal. Another method ufed to mislead the young novice not yet hackneyed in vice, and no lefs dangerous than the other, is to call evil good, and good evil. Luft and fenfuality muft pafs for love and gallantry; revenge and malice, for heroifin. But steadiness fhould be shown, by holding fuch pefts of fociety in derition, and looking on them with contempt; by appearing unmoved by their ill founded banters, and unitung by their impious jefts.

Upon the whole, in order to escape the danger which attends the keeping of evil company, let those you affociate with be perfons as carefully educated and as honestly difpofed as yourself; of a good moral character, not given to any known vice; whofe lives are temperate, and whofe expences are moderate: with

fuch