merous iffue: both thefe iffues are lineally defcended Confanguinity. Confangui- reckoning the degrees in the direct line; and therefore from John Stiles as their common ancestor; and they nity. univerfally obtains, as well in the civil and canon, as are collateral kinsmen to each other, because they are in the common law. all defcended from this common anceftor, and all have. a portion of his blood in their veins, which denomi nates them confanguineous. The doctrine of lineal confanguinity is fufficiently plain and obvious; but it is, at the first view, aftonishing to confider the number of lineal ancestors which every man has, within no very great number of degrees and fo many different bloods is a man faid to contain in his veins, as he hath lineal anceftors. Of thefe he hath two in the first defcending degree; his own parents: he hath four in the fecond; the parents of his father, and the parents of his mother: he hath eight in the third, the parents of his two grandfathers, and of his two grandmothers: and, by the fame rule of progreffion, he hath 128 in the feventh; 1024 in the tenth; and at the 20th degree, or the diftance of 20 generations, every man hath above a million of ancestors, as common arithmetic will-demonftrate (A). This lineal confanguinity, we may obferve, falls ftrictly within the definition of vinculum perfonarum ab eodem flipite defcendentium; fince lineal relations are fuch as defcend one from the other, and both of courfe from the fame common ancestor. Collateral kindred anfwers to the fame defcription: collateral relations agreeing with the lineal in this, that they defcend from the fame ftock or ancestor; but differing in this, that they do not defcend the one from the other. Collateral kinfmen, then, are fuch as lineally fpring from one and the fame ancestor, who is the firps, or "rcot," the flipes, "trunk," or common ftock, from whence thefe relations are branched out. As if John Stiles hath two fons, who have each a nuVOL. V. Part I. We must be careful to remember, that the very be- For, in more. (A) This will feem furprifing to thofe who are unacquainted with the increafing power of progreffive numbers; but is palpably evident from the following table of a geometrical progreffion, in which the first term is 2, and the denominator alfo 2: or, to speak more intelligibly, it is evident, for that each of us has two ancestors in the first degree, the number of whom is doubled at every remove; because each of our anceftors has alfo two immediate ancestors of his own. I 20 524288 1048576 A fhorter way of finding the number of ancestors at any even degree, is by fquaring the number of an- Confangui- more (B). And if this calculation fhould appear innity. compatible with the number of inhabitants on the earth, it is because, by intermarriages among the feveral defcendents from the fame anceitor, a hundred or a thoufand modes of confanguinity may be confolidated in one perfon; or he may be related to us a hundred or a thousand different ways. The method of computing thefe degrees in the canon law, which we have adopted, is as follows. We begin at the common ancestor, and reckon downwards; and in whatfoever degree the two perfons, or the most remote of them, is diftant from the common anceftor, that is the degree in which they are related to each other. Thus, Titius and his brother are related in the first degree; for from the father to each of them is counted only one: Titius and his nephew are related in the fecond degree; for the nephew is two degrees removed from the common ancestor, viz. his own grandfather, the father of Titius: or (to give a more illuftrious inftance from the English annals) King Henry VII. who flew Richard III. in the battle of Bofworth, was related to that prince in the fifth degree. Let the propofitus, therefore, in the table of confanguinity, reprefent King Richard III. and the clafs marked E, King Henry VII. Now their common stock or ancestor was King Edward III. the abavus in the Confangui fame table: from him to Edmund Duke of York, the nity. proavus is one degree; to Richard Earl of Cambridge, the avus, two; to Richard Duke of York, the pater, three; to King Richard III. the propofitus, four; and from King Edward III. to John of Gant (A) is one de, gree; to John Earl of Somerfet (B) two; to John Duke of Somerset (c) three; to Margaret Countess of Richmond (D) four; to King Henry VII. (E) five. Which last-mentioned prince, being the fartheft removed from the common flock, gives the denomination to the degree of kindred in the canon and municipal law. Though according to the computation of the civilians (who count upwards from either of the perfons related, to the common flock, and then downwards again to the other; reckoning a degree for each perfon both afcending and defcending) these two princes were related in the ninth degree: for from King Richard III. to Richard Duke of York is one degree; to Richard Earl of Cambridge two; to Edmund Duke of York three; to King Edward III. the common ancestor, four; to John of Gant five; to John Earl of Somerfet fix; to John Duke of Somerfet feven; to Margaret Countess of Richmond eight; to King Henry VII. nine. See the Table of Confanguinity (B) This will fwell more confiderably than the former calculation: for here, though the first term is but 1, the denominator is 4; that is, there is one kinfman (a brother) in the firft degree, who makes, together with the propofitus, the two defcendents from the first couple of anceflors; and in every other degree, the number of kindred must be the quadruple of those in the degree which immediately precedes it. For fince each couple of ancestors has two defcendents who increase in a duplicate ratio, it will follow, that the ratio in which all the defcendents increase downwards, muft be double to that in which the ancestors increase upwards: but we have feen, that the ancestors increase in a duplicate ratio: therefore the descendents muft increase in a double dupli sate; that is, in a quadruple ratio. Collateral Degrees. Number of Kindred.. 68719476736 274877906944 This calculation may also be formed by a more compendious procefs, viz. by fquaring the couples, or half the number of,anceftors, at any given degree; which will furnish us with the number of kindred we have in the fame degree, at equal diftance with ourselves from the common stock, befides those at unequal diftances. Thus, in the tenth lineal degree, the number of ancestors is 1024; its half, or the couples, amount to 512; the num ber of kindred in the tenth collateral degree amounts therefore to 262144, or the fquare of 512. And if we will be at the trouble to recollect the state of the feveral families within our own knowledge, and obferve how far they agree with this account; that is, whether, on an average, every man has not one brother or fifter, fourfirst-coufins, fixteen fecond-coufins, and fo on; we fhall find, that the prefent calculation is very far from being overcharged. nity, Confcience. Confangui-Confanguinity (Plate CXLVI), wherein all the deof collateral kindred to the propofitus are com grees puted, as far as the tenth of the civilians and the feventh of the canonifts inclufive; the former being diftinguished by the numeral letters, the latter by the common ciphers. 1 Vol. II. P. 401. CONSANGUINITY and Affinity (degrees of), forbid. den in marriage. See MARRIAGE; and Law, Part III. N clx. 4. CONSANGUINITY and Affinity, an objection against a judge. See LAW, Part III. N° clvi. 12. Against a witnefs, ibid. clxxxiv. 12. CONSCIENCE, a fecret teftimony of the foul, whereby it gives its approbation to things that are naturally good, and condemns those that are evil. See MORAL Philofophy. A man of integrity will never liften to any reafon, or give way to any measure, or be mifled by any inducement, against confcience. The inhabitants of a great town offered Marfhal de Turenne 100,000 crowns, upon condition he would take another road, and not march his troops their way. He anfwered them, "As your town is not on the road I intend to march, I cannot accept the money you offer me."-The Earl of Derby, in the reign of Edward III. making a defcent in Guienne, carried by ftorm the town of Bergerac, and gave it up to be plundered. A Welch knight happened by chance to light upon the receiver's office. He found there fuch a quantity of money that he thought himself obliged to acquaint his general with it, imagining that fo great a booty naturally belonged to him. But he was agreeably furprifed when the earl told him, with a pleafant countenance, that he wished him joy of his good fortune; and that he did not make the keeping of his word to depend upon the great or little value of the thing he had proinifed. In the fiege of Falifci by Camillus general of the Romans, the fchoolmaster of the town, who had the children of the fenators under his care, led them abroad under the pretext of recreation, and carried them to the Roman camp, faying to Camillus, that by this artifice he had delivered Falifci into his hands. Camillus abhorring this treachery, obferved, "That there were laws for war as well as for peace; and that the Romans were taught to make war with integrity not less than with courage." He ordered the fchoolmafter to be ftripped, his hands to be bound behind his back, and to be delivered to the boys to be lafhed back into the town. The Falerians, formerly obftinate in resistance, fuck with an act of justice fo illuftrious, delivered themselves up to the Romans; convinced that they would be far better to have the Romans for their allies than their enemies. It is a faying, That no man ever offended his own confcience, but firft or laft it was revenged upon him. The power of confcience indeed has been remarked in all ages, and the examples of it upon record are innumerable. The following is related by Mr Fordyce, in his Dialogues on Education †, as a real occurrence which happened in a neighbouring ftate not many years ago. A jeweller, a man of good character and confiderable wealth, having occafion in the way of his bufinefs to travel at fome diftance from the place of his abode, took along with him a fervant, in order to take care of his portmanteau. He had with him fome of his best jewels, and a large fum of money, to which Confelence his fervant was likewife privy. The mafter having ocConfcript cafion to dismount on the road, the fervant watching his opportunity, took a piftol from his master's faddle and fhot him dead on the fpot; then rifled him of his jewels and money, and hanging a large ftone to his neck, he threw him into the neareft canal. With this booty he made off to a diftant part of the country, where he had reafon to believe that neither he nor his master were known. There he began to trade in a very low way at firft, that his obfcurity might fereen him from obfervation, and in the courfe of a good many years feemed to rife, by the natural progress of bufinefs, into wealth and confideration; fo that his good fortune appeared at once the effect and reward of industry and virtue. Of these he counterfeited the appearance fo well, that he grew into great credit, married into a good family, and by laying out his fudden ftores difcreetly, as he faw occafion, and joining to all an univerfal affability, he was admitted to a fhare of the government of the town, and rofe from one poft to another, till at length he was chosen chief magiftrate. In this office he maintained a fair cha racter, and continued to fill it with no small applause, both as a governor and a judge; till one day as he fat on the bench with fome of his brethren, a criminal was brought before him who was accused of murdering his mafter. The evidence came out full, the jury brought in their verdict that the prifoner was guilty, and the whole affembly waited the fentence of the prefident of the court (which he happened to be that day) with great fufpence. Mean while he appeared to be in unufual diforder and agitation of mind, and his colour changed often; at length he arofe from his feat, and coming down from the bench, placed him. felf juft by the unfortunate man at the bar. fee before you (faid he, addreffing himself to those who had fat on the bench with him), a ftriking in ftance of the juft awards of heaven, which this day, after 30 years concealinent, presents to you a greater criminal than the man juft now found guilty." Then he made an ample confeffion of his guilt, and of all its aggravations." Nor can I feel (continued he} any relief from the agonies of an awakened confcience, but by requiring that juftice be forthwith done against me in the most public and folemn manner." We may eafily fuppofe the amazement of all the affembly, and efpecially of his fellow-judges. However, they proceeded, upon this confeffion, to pafs fentence upon him, and he died with all the symptoms of a penitent mind. "You Courts of CONSCIENCE, are courts for recovery of fmall debts, conftituted by act of parliament in London, Westminster, &c. and other populous and trading districts. CONSCIOUSNESS. Metaphyficians, in lieu of the word confcience, which feems appropriated to theological or moral matters, ordinarily use that of confeioufnefs; whereby they mean an inner fentiment of a thing, whereof one may have a clear and diftinct notion. In this feufe they fay that we do not know our own foul, nor are affured of the exiftence of our own thoughts, otherwife than by felf confcioufness. See METAPHYSICS. CONSCRIPT, in Roman antiquity, an appellation given to the feuators of Rome, who were called conX x 2 fcript Confecra- fcript fathers, on account of their names being all ention, tered in one register. Confent. CONSECRATION, the act of devoting any thing to the fervice and worship of God. The Mofaical law ordained, that all the firft-born, both of man and beast, should be fanctified or confecrated to God. We find alfo, that Jofhua confecrated the Gibeonites, as Solomon and David did the Nethinims, to the fervice of the temple; and that the Hebrews fometimes confecrated their fields and cattle to the Lord, after which they were no longer in their power. Among the ancient Chriftians, the confecration of churches was performed with a great deal of pious folemnity. In what manner it was done for the three first ages, is uncertain; the authentic accounts reaching no higher than the fourth, when, in the peaceable reign of Conftantine, churches were every where built, and dedicated with great folemnity. Some think the confecration confifted in fetting up the fign of the crofs, or in placing a communion-table in the church; and others, that no more was done than preaching a panegyrical fermon in commemoration of the founder, and that then they proceeded to prayers, one of which was compofed on purpose for the church to be confecrated. The Romanifts have a great deal of pious foppery in the ceremonies of confecration; which they bestow on almost every thing, as bells, candles, books, water, oil, ashes, palms, fwords, banners, pictures, croffes, agnus-dei's, rofes, childrens clouts, &c. In England, churches have been always confecrated with particular ceremonies, the form of which was left to the difcretion of the bishop. That obferved by bishop Laud, in confecrating St Catherine Creed church, in London, gave great offence. CONSECRATION is particularly ufed for the benediction of the elements in the eucharift. CONSECRATION, among medalifts, is the ceremony of the apotheofis of an emperor, or his tranflation into heaven and reception among the gods. On medals the confecration is thus reprefented: on one fide is the emperor's head, crowned with laurel, fometimes veiled; and the infcription gives him the title of divus : on the reverfe is a temple, a buftum, an altar, or an eagle taking its flight towards heaven, either from off the altar, or from a cippus: at other times the emperor is feen in the air, borne up by the eagle; the infcription always, confecratio. Thefe are the ufual fymbols: yet on the reverfe of that of Antoninus is the Antonine column. In the apotheofis of empreffes, inftead of an cagle there is a peacock. As to the honours rendered these princes after death, they were explained by the words confecratio, pater, divus, and deus. Sometimes around the temple or altar are put, memoria felix, or memoriæ æterna: for princeffes, aternitas, and fideribus recepta; on the fide of the head, dea, or iα. CONSENT, in a general fenfe, denotes much the fame with ASSENT. CONSENT of Parts, in the animal economy, an agreement or fympathy, whereby when one part is immediately affected, another at a distance becomes affected in the fame manner. This mutual accord or confent is fuppofed to be effected by the commerce of the nerves, and their art ful diftribution and ramification throughout the body. The effect is fo fenfible as even to come under the Conferva tor. phyfician's cognizance: thus, the ftone in the blad- Confentes der, by vellicating the fibres there, will pain and draw cr them fo much into fpafms, as to affect the coats of the bowels, in the fame manner, by the intermediation of nervous threads, and make a colic there; and also extend their twitches fometimes as far as the ftomach, and occafion grievous vomitings: the remedy, therefore, in fuch cafes, is to regard the part originally affected, how remote and grievous foever may be the confequences and symptoms in other places. The fifth conjugation of nerves branched to the parts of the eye, the ear, those of the mouth, cheeks, præcordia, and parts adjacent, &c. is fuppofed by naturalifts to be the inftrument of that particular and extraordinary confent between thofe parts. Hence it is, that a favoury thing feen or fmelled excites the appetite, and affects the glands and parts of the mouth; that a fhameful thing feen or heard affects the cheeks with blushes; on the contrary, if it please, it affects the præcordia, and excites the muscles of the mouth and face to laughter; if it grieve, it affects the glands of the eyes, fo as to occafion tears, and the muscles of the face, putting them into an aspect of crying. Dr Willis, quoted by Mr Derham, imputes the pleasure of kiffing, and its effects, to this pair of nerves; which being branched both to the lips and the genital parts, when the former are affected an irritation is occafioned in the latter. See SYMPA THY. CONSENTES, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 fuperior gods, the Dii majorum gentium. The word fignifies as much as confentientes; that is, who confented to the deliberations of Jupiter's council. They were twelve in number, whose name Ennius has briefly expreffed in these lines, Juno, Vela, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo. CONSEQUENCE, in logic, the conclufion, or what results from reafon or argument. See CONCLU SION. The confequence is that other propofition in which the extremes or premifes of a fyllogifm are joined, or feparated; and is gained from what was afferted in the premises. This word, in a more restrained sense, is used for the relation or connection between two propofitions, whereof one is inferred from the other. CONSEQUENT, fomething deduced or gathered from a former argumentation. But, in a more precife fenfe, it is used for the propofition which contains the conclufion, confidered in itfelf, without any regard to the antecedent: in which fense the confequent may be true, though the confequence be false. See the preceding article. CONSERVATOR, an officer ordained for the fecurity and prefervation of the privileges of fome cities and communities, having a commiffion to judge of and determine the differences among them. In molt catholic univerfities there are two conservators; the confervator of royal privileges, or those granted by kings; and the confervator of apoftolical privileges, or thofe granted by the pope. The first takes cognizance of perfonal and mixed caufes between the regents, ftudents, &c. and the latter of fpiritual. matters between ecclefiaftics. Anciently Conferva tor Confign ment. ment order to be delivered to the perfons to whom they are Confignadjudged; or voluntarily, in order to their being remitted to the perfons they belong to, or fent to the places they are defigned for. Anciently there were appointed confervators of treaties of peace between princes; which confervators became judges of the infractions made on a treaty, and were charged with procuring fatisfaction to be made. These were ufually the feudatories of the feveral powers. In lieu of confervators, princes now have recourfe to other indifferent princes to guarantee their treaties. CONSERVATOR of Scots Privileges, at Campvere, is an officer belonging to the royal boroughs of Scotland, who takes care of the mercantile affairs of Scotland, -agreeable to the ftaple contract between them and the States-General. CONSERVATOR of the Peace, in the ancient English cuftoms, was a person who had an especial charge, by virtue of his office, to fee the king's peace kept. Till the erection of juftices of the peace by king Edward III. there were feveral perfons who by common law were interested in keeping the fame: fome having that charge as incident to other offices; and others fimply, or of itself, called cuftodes, or confervators of the peace. The chamberlain of Chefter is still a confervator in that county; and petty conftables are, by the common law, confervators, &c. in the firft fenfe, within their own jurifdiction: so are also the coroner and the sheriff within their own county. The king is the principal confervator of the peace within all his dominions: the lord chancellor, lord treasurer, lord high steward, lord marshal, lord high conftable, all the justices of the court of king's bench, by their office, and the mafter of the rolls, by prescription, are general confervators of the peace through the whole king dom, and may commit breakers of the peace, and bind them in recognisances to keep it. CONSERVATOR of the Truce, and Safe Conducts, was an officer appointed in every fea-port, under the king's letters patent. His charge was to inquire of all offences committed against the king's truce, and fafe conducts upon the main fea, out of the franchises of the cinque-ports, as the admirals were wont to do, and fuch other things as are declared anno 3 Hen. V. cap. 6 CONSERVATORIOS, are mufical schools eftablished for the inftruction of children in the profeffion of mufic. There are four of thefe at Venice, defign. ed for the education of girls, and three at Naples, for the education of boys. It has been fuggefted that the operation of caftration was performed in the confervatorios; but the practice is abfolutely prohibited; and the young caftrati are brought from Lucia in Pug lia: but before the operation is performed, their voices are tried in a confervatorio. The scholars of the Venetian confervatorios have been chiefly celebrated for tafte and neatness of execution; and thofe of Naples have had the reputation of being the first contrapuntifts, or compofers, in Europe. CONSERVATORY, a term fometimes used for a green-house or ice-houfe. CONSERVE, in pharmacy, a form of medicine contrived to preferve the flowers, herbs, roots, or fruits of feveral fimples, as near as poffible to what they are when fresh gathered. See PHARMACY. CONSIGNMENT, in law, the depofiting any fum of money, bills, papers, or commodities, in good hands; either by appointment of a court of juftice, in CONSIGNMENT of Goods, in commerce, is the delivering or making them over to another: thus, goods are faid to be configned to a factor, when they are fent to him to be fold, &c.; or when a factor fends back goods to his principal, they are faid to be configned to him. CONSISTENCE, in phyfics, that fate of a body wherein its component particles are fo connected or entangled among themfelves, as not to feparate or recede from each other. It differs from continuity in this, that it implies a regard to motion or reft, which continuity does not, it being fufficient to denominate a thing continuous that its parts are contiguous to each other. CONSISTENTES, in church-hiftory, a kind of penitents who were allowed to affift at prayers, but who could not be admitted to receive the facrament. CONSISTORY (Confiftorium), fignifies as much as prætorium, a tribunal: it is commonly used for a council-house of ecclefiaftical perfons, or place of juftice in the fpiritual court; a feffion or affembly of prelates. And every archbishop and bishop of every diocefe hath a confiftory court held before his chancellor or commiffary in his cathedral church, or other convenient place of his diocefe, for ecclefiaftical caufes. The bifhop's chancellor is the judge of this court, fuppofed to be killed in the civil and canon law; and in places of the diocefe far remote from the bishop's confiftory, the bishop appoints a commiffary to judge in all caufes within a certain diftrict, and a regifter to enter his decrees, &c. CONSISTORY, at Rome, denotes the college of cardinals, or the pope's fenate and council, before whom judiciary causes are pleaded. Du-Cange derives the word from confiftorium; i. e. locus ubi confiftitur; used chiefly for a veitibule, gallery, or anti-chamber, where the courtiers wait for admiffion; and called à confiflente multitudine. The confiftory is the firft court, or tribunal of Rome: it never meets but when the pope pleases to convoke it: the pope prefides in it in perfon, mounted on a magnificent throne, and habited in his pontificalia; on the right are the cardinal-bishops and prieйts, and on the left the cardinal deacons. The place where it is held, is a large hall in the apoftolical palace, where princes and ambassadors of kings are received. The other prelates, prothonotaries, auditors of the rota, and other officers, are feated on the steps of the throne: the courtiers fit on the ground; ambaffadors on the right, and confiftorial and fifcal advocates behind the cardinals. Befides the public confiftory, there is also a private one, held in a retired chamber, called the chamber of papegay; the pope's throne here being only raifed two fteps high. Nobody is here admitted but the cardinals, whofe opinions are collected, and called fentences. Here are firft propofed and paffed all bulls for bishop. ricks, abbeys, &c. Hence bishopricks and abbeya are faid to be confiftorial benefices; in regard, they must be propofed in the confiftory, the annates be paid. Confiftory. |