City.

CIT

CIV

That

]
and who had good opportunity of being informed, that
this city, of which Fitz-Stephen gives fuch a pompous
account, contained no more than 40,000 inhabitants.
The other cities were fmall in proportion, and in no
the conftitution of the boroughs of Scotland in many
condition to extort any extenfive privileges.
and England, is manifeft from the Leges Burgorum an-
circumstances refembled that of the towns of France'
CIVET, a kind of perfume which bears the name
nexed to the Regiam Majeftatem.
of the animal it is taken from, and to which it is pecu-
liar. See VIVERRA.

[ 32
crown, first adopted the plan of conferring new privi-
leges on the towns fituated within his own domaine.
Thefe privileges were called charters of community, by
which he enfranchised the inhabitants, abolished all
marks of fervitude, and formed them into corporations
or bodies politic, to be governed by a council and ma-
giftrates of their own nomination. Thefe magiftrates
had the right of adminiftering juftice within their own
precincts; of levying taxes; of embodying and train-
ing to arms the militia of the town, which took the
field when required by the fovereign, under the com-
mand of officers appointed by the community. The
great barons imitated the example of their monarch,
and granted like immunities to the towns within their
territories. They had wafted fuch great fums in their
expeditions to the Holy Land, that they were eager to
lay hold on this new expedient for raifing money by the
fale of thofe charters of liberty. Though the conftitu-
tion of communities was as repugnant to their maxims
of policy as it was adverfe to their power, they difre-
garded remote confequences in order to obtain prefent
relief. In less than two centuries, fervitude was abolish-
ed in most of the cities of France, and they became free
corporations, inftead of dependent villages without ju-
rifdiction or privileges. Much about the fame period
the great cities of Germany began to acquire like im-
munities, and laid the foundations of their prefent li-
berty and independence. The practice fpread quickly
over Europe, and was adopted in Spain, England, Scot-
land, and all the other feudal kingdoms.

The Spanish historians are almost entirely filent con-
cerning the origin and progrefs of communities in that
kingdom; fo that it is impoffible to fix with any degree
of certainty the time and manner of their first intro-
It appears, however, from Mariana,
duction there.
that in the year 1350 eighteen cities had obtained a
feat in the Cortes of Caftile. In Arragon, cities feem
early to have acquired extenfive immunities, together
with a fhare in the legislature. In the year 1118, the
citizens of Saragoffa had not only obtained political li-
berty, but they were declared to be of equal rank with
the nobles of the fecond clafs; and many other immu-
nities, unknown to perfons in their rank of life in other
parts of Europe, were conferred upon them. In Eng-
land, the establishment of communities or corporations
was pofterior to the conqueft. The practice was bor-
rowed from France, and the privileges granted by the
crown were perfectly fimilar to thofe above enumerated.
It is not improbable, that fome of the towns in England
were formed into corporations under the Saxon kings;
and that the charters granted by the kings of the Nor-
man race were not charters of enfranchifement from a
ftate of flavery, but a confirmation of privileges which
↑ See Lord they had already enjoyed f. The English cities, how.
Lyttelton's ever, were very inconfiderable in the 12th century. A
Hiftory of clear proof of this occurs in the hiftory juft referred
Henry II. to. Fitz-Stephen, a contemporary author, gives a de-
fcription of the city of London in the reign of Hen-
ry II. and the terms in which he speaks of its trade,
its wealth, and the number of its inhabitants, would
fuggeft no inadequate idea of its flate at prefent, when
it is the greatest and moft opulent city in Europe.
But all ideas of grandeur and magnificence are merely
comparative. It appears from Peter of Biois, arch-
deacon of London, who flourifhed in the fame reign,
N° 81.

Vol. I.

P. 317.

Good civet is of a clear, yellowish, or brownish co lour; not fluid nor hard, but about the confiftence of butter or honey, and uniform throughout; of a yery It unites eafily with ftrong fmell, quite offenfive when undiluted, but agreea large one of other fubitances. able when only a fmall portion of civet is mixed with oils both expreffed and diftifled, but not at all with water or fpirit of wine: nor can it be rendered mifcible an egg feems to difpofe it to unite with water; but in with water by the mediation of fugar. The yolk of a very little while the civet feparates from the liquor, and falls to the bottom, though it does not prove of fuch a refinous tenacity as when treated with fugar and fpirit of wine. It communicates, however, fome share of its fmell both to watery and fpirituous liquors: hence a fmall portion of it is often added in odoriferous tinclation of odoriferous waters and fpirits. It is rarely tures, and fufpended in the still-head during the diftilif ever employed for medicinal purpofes. The Italians make it an ingredient in perfumed oils, and thus jobfubftance of it. It is very rare, however, to meet with tain the whole of its fcent; for oils wholly diffolve the civet unadulterated. The fubftances ufually mixed with it are lard and butter; which agreeing with it in its parts of the general properties, render all criteria for diftinguishing the adulteration impoffible. A great trade of civet is carried on at Calicut, Baffora, and other Indies, and in Africa, where the animal that produces the perfume is found. Live civet-cats are to be feen alfo in France and Holland. The French keep them only as a rarity; but the Dutch, who keep a great number, draw the civet from them for fale. It is moftly used by confectioners and perfumers.

GIVET-Cat, the English name of the animal which produces the civet. See VIVERRA.

CIVIC CROWN, was a crown given by the ancient Romans to any foldier who had faved the life of a citizen in an engagement.

The civic crown was reckoned more honourable than any other crown, though compofed of no better materials than oak-boughs. Plutarch, in the life of C. M. Coriolanus, accounts as follows for uting on

this occafion the branches of this tree before all others:
becaufe, fays he, the oaken wreath being facred to
Jupiter, the great guardian of their city, they thought
it the most proper ornament for him who had pre-
ferved the life of a citizen. Pliny *, fpeaking of the Lib. xvi.
honour and privileges conferred on thofe who hadcap. 4.
merited this crown, fays, "They who had once ob-
tained it, might wear it always. When they appeared
at the public fpectacles, the fenate and people rofe to
They were not only
per-
do them honour, and they took their feats on these
occafions among the fenators.

Ciect Civic.

Cividad perfonally excufed from all troublefome offices, but procured the fame immunity for their father and grandfather by the father's fide.

H}

Civil.

CIVIDAD-DE-LAS-PALMAS, the capital town of the island of Canary, with a bishop's fee, and a good harbour. The houfes are well built, two ftories high, and flat-roofed. The cathedral is a very handfome ftructure; and the inhabitants are gay and rich. The air is temperate, and free from extremes of heat and cold. It is defended by a small caftle feated on a hill. W. Long. 14. 35. N. Lat. 28. o.

CIVIDAD-Real, a town of Spain, in New Caftile, and capital of La Mancha. The inhabitants are noted for dreffing leather extremely well for gloves. W. Long. 4. 15. N. Lat. 39. 2.

CIVIDAD-Roderigo, a ftrong and confiderable town of Spain, in the kingdom of Leon, with a bishop's fee. It is feated in a fertile country, on the river Aquada, in W. Long. 6. 52. N. Lat. 40. 38.

GIFIDAD-di-Friuli,a fmall but ancient town of Italy, in Friuli, and in the territory of Venice; feated on the river Natifona. E. Long. 13. 25. N. Lat. 46. 15. CIVIL, in a general fenfe, fomething that regards the policy, public good, or peace, of the citizens or fubjects of the ftate; in which fenfe we fay, civil government, civil law, civil right, civil war, &c.

CIVIL, in a popular fenfe, is applied to a complaifant and humane behaviour in the ordinary intercourfe of life. See CIVILITY.

CIVIL, in a legal fenfe, is alfo applied to the ordinary procedure in an action, relating to fome pecuniary matter or intereft; in which fenfe it is opposed to criminal.

CIVIL Death, any thing that cuts off a man from civil fociety; as a condemnation to the galleys, perpetual banishment, condemnation to death, outlawry, and excommunication.

CIVIL Law, is properly the peculiar law of each ftate, country, or city: but what we ufually mean by the civil law, is a body of laws compofed out of the best Roman and Grecian laws, compiled from the laws of nature and nations; and, for the most part, received and obferved throughout all the Roman dominions for above 1200 years. See Law, Part I. n° 43, 44.

It was first brought over into England by Theobald a Norman abbot, who was elected to the fee of Canterbury in 1138; and he appointed a profeffor, viz. Roger firnamed Vicarius, in the univerfity of Oxford, to teach it to the people of this country. Neverthelefs, it gained ground very flowly. King Stephen iffued a proclamation, prohibiting the ftudy of it. And though the clergy were attached to it, the laity rather wifhed to preferve the old conftitution. However, the zeal and influence of the clergy prevailed; and the civil law acquired great reputation from the reign of King Stephen to the reign of King Edward III. both inclufive. Many tranfcripts of Juftinian's Inftitute are to be found in the writings of our ancient authors, particularly of Bracton and Fleta; and Judge Blackstone obferves, that the common law would have been loft and over-run by the civil, had it not been for the incident of fixing the court of comraon pleas in one certain fpot, and the forming the profeffion of the municipal law into an aggregate body.

VOL. V. PART I.

It is allowed, that the civil law contains all the prin- Civil ciples of natural equity; and that nothing can be bet- Civility. ter calculated to form good fenfe and found judgment. Hence, though in feveral countries it has no other authority but that of reafon and juftice, it is every where referred to for authority. It is not received at this day in any nation without fome alterations: and fometimes the feudal law is mixed with it, or general and particular customs; and often ordinances and ftatutes cut off a great part of it.

In

In Turky, the Bafilics are only ufed. In Italy, the canon law and customs have excluded a good part of it. In Venice, cuftom hath almoft an abfolute government. In the Milanefe, the feudal law, and particular customs, bear fway. In Naples and Sicily, the conftitutions and laws of the Lombards are faid to prevail. In Germany and Holland, the civil law is efteemed to be the municipal law: but yet many parts of it are there grown obfolete; and others are altered, either by the canon law or a different ufage. Friezeland, it is obferved with more ftrictnefs; but in the northern parts of Germany, the jus Saxonicum, Lubecenfe, or Culmenfe, is preferred before it. In Denmark and Sweden, it hath fcarce any authority at all. In France, only a part of it is received, and that part is in fome places as a cuftomary law; and in those provinces nearest to Italy it is received as a municipal written law. In criminal causes, the civil law is more regarded in France; but the manner of trial is regulated by ordinances and edicts. In Spain and Portugal, the civil law is connected with the jus regium and cu ftom. In Scotland, the ftatutes of the federunt, part of the regiæ majeftatis, and their customs, controul the civil law.

In England, it is ufed in the ecclefiaftical courts, in the high court of admiralty, in the court of chivalry, in the two univerfities, and in the courts of equity; yet in all these it is restrained and directed by the common law.

CIVIL Society. See LAW, Part I. n° 12.

CIVIL State, in the British polity, one of the general divifions of the LAITY, comprehending all orders of men from the highest nobleman to the meanest peasant that are not included under the MILITARY OF MARITIME ftates: though it may fometimes include individuals of thefe as well as of the CLERGY; fince a nobleman, a knight, a gentleman, or a peasant, may become either a divine, a foldier, or a feaman. The divifion of this state is into NOBILITY and COMMONALTY. See thefe articles.

CIVIL War, a war between people of the fame state, or the citizens of the fame city.

CIVIL Year, is the legal year, or annual account of time, which every government appoints to be used within its own dominions; and is fo called in contradiftinction to the natural year, which is measured exactly by the revolution of the heavenly bodies.

CIVILIAN, in general, denotes fomething belonging to the civil law; but more especially the doctors and profeffors thereof are called civilians.

CIVILITY, a term ufed in common life as fynonymous with complaifance or good-breeding.

Civility is juftly inculcated by didactic writers as a duty of no flight confideration. Without civility, or goodbreeding, a court would be the feat of violence and deE folation.

CIV Civility. folalation. There, all the paffions are in fermentation, because all pursue what but few can obtain; there, if en mies did not embrace, they would ftab; there, finiles are often put on to conceal tears; there, mutual fervices are profeffed, while mutual injuries are intended; and there, the guile of the ferpent fimulates the gentleness of the dove. To what a degree muit goodbreeding adorn the beauty of truth, when it can thus foften the deformity of falfchood? On this fubject we have the following elegant obfervations in Knox's Effays, N° 95.

ment.

"However juft the complaints of the mifery of
life, yet great occations for the difplay of benefi-
cence and liberality do not often occur. But there is
an hourly neceffity for the little kind offices of mu-
tual civility. At the fame time that they give pleafure
to others, they add to our own happinefs and improve-
Habitual acts of kindnefs have a powerful ef-
fect in foftening the heart. An intercourfe with po-
lifhed and humane company tends to improve the dif-
pofition, because it requires a conformity of manners.
And it is certain, that a fenfe of decorum, and of a
proper external behaviour, will reftiain thofe whofe
natural temper would otherwife break out in acrimo-
nious and petulant converfation. Even the affectation
of philanthropy will in time contribute to realife it.
The pleasure refulting from an act of kindness natu-
rally excites a wish to repeat it; and indeed the gene-
ral efteem which the character of benevolence procures,
is fufficient to induce thofe to wish for it who act only
from the mean motives of felf-intereft.

"As we are placed in a world where natural evil
abounds, we ought to render it fupportable to each
All that
other as far as human endeavours can avail.
can add a fweet ingredient to the bitter cup must be
infufed. Amid the multitude of thorns, every flower
But nei-
that will grow must be cultivated with care.
ther pomp nor power are of themfelves able to alleviate
the load of life. The heart requires to be foothed by
fympathy. A thoufand little attentions from all around
us are neceflary to render our days agreeable. The
appearance of neglect in any of thofe with whom we
are connected, chills our bofom with chagrin, or kindles
the fire of refcntment. Nothing therefore, feems fo
likely to enfure happiness as our mutual endeavours to
promote it. Our fingle endeavours, originating and
terminating in ourselves, are ufually unfuccefsful. Pro-
vidence has taken care to fecure that intercourfe which
is neceffary to the exiflence of fociety, by rendering it
the greatcft fweetener of human life.

"By reciprocal attentions we are enabled to become
A fmile, an affable ad-
beneficent without expence.
drefs, a look of approbation, are often capable of gi-
ving a greater pleafure than pecuniary benefits can be
flow. The more participation of the ftudies and amufe-
ments of others, at the fame time that it gratifics our
felves, is often an act of real humanity; because others
would not enjoy them without companions. A friendly
vilit in a folitary hour, is often a greater act of kind-
nefs than a valuable prefent.

"It is really matter of furprife, that thofe who are
dituifhed by rank and opulence thould ever be un-
popular in their neighbourhood. They must know the
value of popularity; and furely nothing is more eafily
obtained by a fuperior. Their notice confers honour;

3

34 ] 1

and the afpiring beart of man is always delighted with
diftinction. A gracious look from them diffufes hap-
pinefs on the lower ranks. But it ufually happens,
that an overgrown rich man is not the favourite of a
or inadvertence often prevent men from acting the god-
neighbouring country; and it is unfortunate, that pride
like part of making others happy, even when they
CIVITA-DI-PENNA, an ancient town of Italy, in
might do it without inconvenience to themselves.”
with a bishop's fee. It is fituated near the river Sali-
the kingdom of Naples, and in the Farther Abruzzo,.
no, 25 miles north caft of Aquila. E. Long. 13. 3..
N. Lat. 42. 25.

CIVITA-Caftellana, a town of Italy, in St Peter's
patrimony, feated on a river, which, feven miles from
thence, falls into the Tiber. E. Long. 13.5. N. Lat.
42. 15.

On the fouth

CIVITA Turchino, a place in Italy, about two miles From the north of the town of Corneto in the patrimony of St Peter. It is an hill of an oblong form, the fummit of which is almoft one continued plain. quantity of medals, intaglios, fragments of infcriptions, &c. that are occafionally found here, this is believed to be the very spot where the ancient and. powerful city of Tarquinii once ftood. At prefent it is only one continued field of corn. to Corneto. This ridge is at least three or four miles. caft fide of it runs the ridge of a hill which unites it in length, and almost entirely covered with artificial twelve of thefe hillocks have at different times been hillocks, called by the inhabitants monti roli. About opened; and in every one of them have been found feveral fubterranean apartments cut out of the folid rock. Thefe apartments are of various forms and dimeufions: fome confift of a large outer room, and a fmall one within; others of a fmall room at the first entrance, and a large one within: others are fupported by a column of the folid rock left in the centre, with openings on every part. The entrance to them all is by a door about five feet high, by two and a the door, while others feem to have had a small light half broad. Some of them have no light but from from above, through an hole of a pyramidal form. Many of thefe apartments have an elevated port that runs all round the wall, being a part of the rock left. for that purpofe. The moveables found in thefe apart ments confift chiefly of Etrufcan vafes of various forms: in fome. indeed have been found fome plain facrophagi. apartments are ftuccoed, and ornamented in various of tone, with bones in them. The whole of thele manners: fome indeed are plain; hut others, particu larly three, are richly adorned, having a double row of Etrufcan inferiptions running round the upper part of the walls, and under them a kind of frieze of fi gures in painting: fome have an ornament under the The paintings feem to be in frefco; and in. figures, which feems to fupply the place of an architrave. general refemble thofe which are ufually feen upon fuperior to any thing as yet feen of the Etrufcan art Etrufcan vafes; though fome of them are perhaps in painting. In general they are flight, but well conceived; and prove, that the artist was capable of ducing things more studied and better finished; though,. in fuch a fubterraneous fituation, the delicacy of a finifhed work would in a great meafure have been

pro-

thrown

Claima

11

Clans.

Clans 11

Clare.

Scotland,

CLA

[ 36

in the first place, upon thofe of his own tribe or family. Thefe all held their lands of him; and as the fafety of each individual depended on the general union, these small focieties clung together, and were diftinguished by fome common appellation, either patronymical or local, long before the introduction of But when thefe befurnames or enfigns armorial. came common, the defcendants and relations of every chieftain affumed the fame name and arms with him; other vaffals were proud to imitate their example; and by degrees they were communicated to all thofe Robertfon's who held of the fame fuperior. Thus clanships were Hiftory of formed; and, in a generation or twe, that confanguinity, which was at firft in a great measure imaginary, was believed to be real. An artificial union was conmen willingly followed a verted into a natural one: leader, whom they regarded both as the fuperior of their lands and the chief of their blood; and ferved him not only with the fidelity of vaffals, but the affection of friends. In the other feudal kingdoms, we may observe such unions as we have defcribed, imperfectly formed; but in Scotland, whether they were the production of chance, or the effect of policy, or ftrengthened by their preferving their genealogies both genuine and fabulous, clanthips were univerfal. Such a confederacy might be overcome; it could not be broken; and no change of manners or government has been able, in fome parts of the kingdom, to diffolve affociations which are founded upon prejudices fo natural to the human mind. How formidable were nobles at the head of followers, who, counting that caufe juft and honourable which their chief approved, were ever ready to take the field at his command, and to facrifice their lives in defence of his perfon or of his fame! Against fuch men a king contended with great difadvantage; and that cold fervice, which money purchases, or authority extorts, was not an equal match for their ardour and zeal.

Some imagine the word clan to be only a corruption of the Roman colonia; but Mr Whittaker afferts it to be purely British, and to fignify a family.

CLAP, in medicine, the firft ftage of the venereal difeafe, more ufually called a GONORRHOEA.

CLAP-Net, in birding, a fort of net contrived for the taking of larks with the looking glass, by the method called daring or doring. The nets are spread over an even piece of ground, and the larks are invited to the place by other larks faftened down, and by a looking-glafs compofed of five pieces, and fixed in a frame fo that it is turned round very swiftly backwards and forwards, by means of a cord pulled by a perfon at a confiderable diftance behind a hedge. See DORING.

CLAR, or CLAER, in metallurgy, bone-afhes perfectly calcined, and finely powdered, kept purpofely for covering the infides of COPPELS.

CLARĂMONT-POWDER, a kind of earth, called terra de Baira, from the place where it is found; it is famous at Venice, for its efficacy in ftopping hemor rhages of all kinds, and in curing malignant fevers.

PRECEPT of CLARE CONSTAT, in Scots law, the warrant of a fuperior for entering and infefting the heir of his former vaffal, without the interpofition of an inquest.

Nuns of St CLARE, were founded at Affifa in Italy,

]

about the 1212.

CLA

These nuns obferved the rule of St. Francis, and wore habits of the fame colour with those of the Francifcan friars: and hence were called Menoreffes; and their houfe, without Aldgate, the Minories, where they were fettled when first brought over into England, about the year 1293. They had only three houfes befides this.

CLARE, a market-town of Suffolk, 13 miles fouth of Bury. E. Long. o. 35 N. Lat. 52. 15. It gives the title of Earl to the duke of Newcastle.

CLARE is also the capital of a county of the fame name in the province of Connaught, in Ireland, fituated about 17 miles north-weft of Limerick. W. Long. 9. o. N. Lat. 52. 40.

CLARENCIEUX, the fecond king at arms, fo called from the duke of Clarence, to whom he first belonged for Lionel, 3d fon to. Edward III. having by his wife the honour of Clare in the county of Tho mond, was afterwards declared duke of Clarence; which dukedom afterwards efcheating to Edward IV. His office is to he made this earl a king at arms. marthal and difpofe of the funerals of all the lower nobility, as baronets, knights, efquires, on the fouth fide of the Trent; whence he is fometimes called furroy or fouth-roy, in contradiftinction to norray.

CLARENDON (Constitutions of), certain conftitutions made in the reign of Henry II. A. D. 1164, in a parliament held at Clarendon; whereby the king checked the power of the Pope and his clergy, and greatly narrowed the total exemption they claimed from fecular jurifdiction:

CLARENDON (Earl of.) See HYDE.

CLARENNA, Tabulae (anc. geog.); a town of Vindelicia, at the confluence of the Lycus and Danube. Now Rain, a town of Bavaria, on the fouth fide of the Danube, at the confluence of the Lech. E. Long. II. o. N. Lat. 48. 45.

CLARENZA, the capital of a duchy of the fame name in the Morea; it is a fea-port town, fituated on the Mediterranean. E. Long. 21. 40. N. Lat. 37. 40.

CLARET, a name given by the French to fuch of their red wines as are not of a deep or high colour. See WINE.

CLARICHORD, or MANICHORD, a musical inftru ment in form of a spinet.

It has 49 or 50 ftops, and 70 ftrings, which bear on five bridges; the first whereof is the higheft, the reft diminishing in proportion. Some of the ftrings are in unifon, their number being greater than that of the ftops. There are feveral little mortoifes for paffing the jacks, armed with brass-hooks, which ftop and raife the chords inftead of the feather ufed in virginals and fpinets: but what diftinguishes it moft is, that the chords are covered with pieces of cloth, which render the found fweeter, and deaden it fo that it cannot be heard at any confiderable diftance: whence it comes to be particularly in ufe among the nuns, who learn to play, and are unwilling to difturb the filence of the dor mitory.

CLARIFICATION, the act of cleaning or fining any fluid from all heterogeneous matter or fecu lencies.

The fubitances ufually employed for clarifying liquors, are whites of egga, blood, and ilinglafs. The boiling two firft are used for fuch liquors as are clarified whila

Clare

Clarifica

tion.