Acerca de este libro
Mi biblioteca
Libros en Google Play
-
The Sinds or Indians on the Bosphorus. -
-The Sigyni. The Gipsies. —
Indians in Lycia.-Nations of the Caucasus.-The Caspian Sea supposed
to join the Ocean. Expeditions of Ælius Gallus into Arabia and Æthi-
opia. - Habitable and uninhabitable Zones. - Obstinate Incredulity of
Strabo. Britain visited by Cæsar. Its Population. -The Romans
reach the Baltic. - The Cimbri. - Scandinavia and Norway mentioned
by Pliny. - Tacitus names the Swedes. - The Arimphæi. - Grand Cha-
racteristics of the Northern Nations. March of Cornelius Balbus into
the Interior of Africa. And of Suetonius Paulinus across Mount Atlas.
King Juba's Account of the Nile and Niger. -The Fortunate Isles.-
Various Statements reconciled.
Page 78
Course pursued. - Periplus of
Arrian. His accurate Account of the Indian Peninsula.
CHAP. VIII.
PTOLEMY.
Increased Intercourse of Nations under the Romans. - Advantages enjoyed
by Ptolemy. Applies the Measures of Longitude and Latitude. - His
Errors. Displays an Acquaintance with the Caspian Steppes. - Pro-
gress Westward of the Scythian Nations. -Their Origin. — Towns on the
River Niger. - Ptolemy's Acquaintance with the East. His frequent
Repetitions. Supposed the Continents of Asia and Africa to unite in the
Southern Ocean. - The Sinæ and the Seres must have been the Chinese.
The Silk Trade. Allusion to the Tatars. The Stone Tower in the
Belurtag: -Testimonies of the Chinese Writers. - Roman Embassy to
China. The Name of Silk. Of China. - Antiquity of the Trade with
China. Merits of Ptolemy. -Conclusion.
CHAP. IX.
ON THE COMMERCE OF THE ANCIENTS.
105
Connection between Commerce and Geography. -Trade with India in the
Hands of the Arabians. -Their Wealth and Luxury. - Cinnamon.➡
Ignorance as to the Country which produced it. Known to Moses. -
Supposed to grow in Arabia and in Africa. —Pliny's Account. — Anti-
quity of Trade in the Eastern Seas. Pirate Nations of the East.- Pro-
ductions of the Moluccas mentioned by Plautus. - Early Commerce of
the Phoenicians examined. -Tin brought to Egypt from India.-The
Cassiterides - Never known. - Direct Trade between Phoenicia and the
West improbable. Carthage. Never aimed at a distant carrying Trade.
-Amber. -Brought to Greece from the Adriatic. - Mythical Connec-
tion of the Eridanus and Amber. - Trade in Europe. Conclusion. 123
CHAP. X.
MYTHIC GEOGRAPHY OF THE HINDOOS, AND ITS CONNECTION WITH
GRECIAN MYTHS.
Mount Meru. - The Seven Dwipas or Islands. The Quarters of the
Heavens, how named. The White Island of the West: its triple
Nature. - Gold, Silver, and Iron Mountains. — The Country of the Sun
and Moon. Auspicious Epithets. Wide Diffusion of this Belief. —
Numerous White Seas. White Islands of the Greeks. - Trinacrias and
Islands of the Happy. - Hecate and triple Divinities of the West.-Iles-
peria. - The Hyperboreans. -Known generally among the Indo-Teutonic
Nations. -Tradition of an Atlantis or Western Island. Hindoo Geo-
graphy of the East. - Lands of Gold, Silver, and Brass: misled Ptolemy.
-Panchæa. These Legends still preserved in India and in the West.
-Their Influence.
Page 138
BOOK II.
GEOGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
CHAP. I.
THE ARABIANS.
Itineraries of the Romans. - Peutingerian Table. Cosmas Indicopleustes.
-The Words Sint and Hindoo. - The Tsinitzæ.-The Arabians.—Their
Conquests and Commerce. - Early Travellers into China. — Education
of the Chinese. Regulations of their Ports. First Mention made of
Tea. Chinese eat human Flesh. - Strangers in China. - Canfu. - Uses
of the Cocoa-nut Tree. - Kings of India. - The Unicorn. - Sogdiana. —
The Alans. Khazars.-The Fossil Ivory of Bulgar. - Commerce of the
Arabians with the North of Europe. -The Interior of Africa colonised
by Arabians. Kingdoms of Ghana and Tocrur.- Lamlam.-The Zinges
and Wacwac. -The Perpetual Islands. - Other Islands in the Sea of
Darkness. Voyage of the Almegrurim.
CHAP. II.
154
TRAVELS OF IBN BATUTA.
Returns to
Ibn Batuta sets out on the Pilgrimage. - Ascends the Nile.
Gaza. The Baths of Tiberias. - The Mosque of the Foot. — Miracles
at Meshid Ali. - Shiraz. - Bagdad. Mecca. Visits Yemen - and
Abyssinia. The Berbers.-The Zunuj. - Zafar. - The Frankincense
Tree. Ormuz. Fars. Second Pilgrimage.- Goes through Upper
Egypt to Cairo-Jerusalem - Anatolia. The Turkomans. - Society
called the Brotherhood. - Erzerum. - Fall of Aërolites. Showers of
Fishes. The Ottoman Princes. Ibn Batuta goes to Crim. - Desert of
Kipjak. Tatar Camp. - City of Bulgar. - Shortness of the Nights. -
Siberian Travelling. - Singular Mode of Traffic. - The Russians. — Ibn
Batuta accompanies a Greek Princess to Constantinople. -The Proces-
sion. His Reception. - Account of that City. -Historical Difficulties.
-Greek Customs imitated by the Turks. Pious Wish of El Harawi. 174
CHAP. III.
TRAVELS OF IBN BATUTA CONTINUED.
Ibn Batuta returns to Tatary. - Proceeds to Chorasm. Singular Custom.
-Bokhara. Its Mosque. Balkh. Hindoo Cush.-The Father of
the Saints. -The Afghans. Sind. - Ruins near Lahari. - Mode of
levying Troops. - Dehli. — Character of the Emperor. — Ibn Batuta ap-
pointed Judge. — Expedient to raise Money. - Narrowly escapes being
put to Death.-Turns Faquir. - Chosen Ambassador to China. — Nego-
tiations between the Courts of Pekin and Dehli. - The Embassage sets
out. — Attacked by Robbers. — Ibn Batuta taken Prisoner. - His Suffer-
ings and Escape. - City of Barun infested by Yogees. The Goftars. —
Ordeals in India. - Journey to Calicut. - Chinese Junks.— Imperial
Treasures lost by Shipwreck. -Ibn Batuta goes to the Maldives. - Is
made Judge. - Marries three Wives. - Proceeds to Ceylon. - Ascends
Adam's Peak.-King of the Monkeys. - -Embarks at Coulan.-Cap-
tured by Pirates. Returns to the Maldives. -Visits Bengal, Sumatra,
Tawalisi. - Arrives in China. - Paper Money. Gog and Magog.-El
Khansa, Tatar Funeral. - Returns to Persia. - Mecca. - Revisits
Tangier. -Travels in Spain. -Proceeds to Soudan. - Thagari. - Abu
Latin. Mali.—The Niger. - Hippopotami. Cannibals. -Timbuctoo.
-Kakaw. -Bardama. — Nakda. - Returns, and takes up his Residence
in Fez.
Page 190
BOOK III.
PROGRESS OF GEOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
DISCOVERIES OF THE NORTHMEN.
Antiquity of the Scandinavians.
The Fins. Northern Crusades.
Turks, Saracens, and Amazons in the North. - Voyage of Other. -
Whale Fishery. -Walsten describes the Funerals of the Russians. -The
Northmen invade Ireland. - Occupy the Western Isles. The White-
man's Land. Voyage of Madoc.-Welsh Indians. - Iceland discovered.
-Relics found there. -Greenland discovered and colonised. Journey
of Hollar Geit. - Old Greenland lost. — Vinland. — Skrælingues or Es-
quimaux. Map of the two Zeni. Friesland. - Grolandia. The
warm Springs and Houses built of Lava.- Canoes of the Esquimaux.—
Estotiland and Droceo. — The New World. - Cannibals. The precious
Metals.
209
MAPS OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
General Ignorance. - Missionaries. - Pilgrims. Adam of Bremen.-Gi-
raldus Cambrensis. - Love of the Marvellous. - Icelandic Sagas. -Sur-
veys. Old Maps of the British Islands. - Effects of the feudal System.
Doomsday Book. Maps of the Middle Ages. Tables of Charle-
magne. Map preserved in Turin. -The Geographer of Ravenna. -
Sanudo's Map. Genoese Navigators. - Isle of Infierno. - The Madeira
Islands and the Azores. - Bianco's Map. · -Islands of Stokafixa, Antilia,
and Man. Satanaxio. -The Seven Cities. Benjamin of Tudela. —
Caravan Routes through Armenia and Bokhara..
JOURNEY OF CARPINI INTO TATARY.
Rise of the Mongol Empire. Zingis Khan. - Mongols invade Europe.
Over-run Hungary. Thought to be Demons. Their Threats. - At-
tack the Saracens. Mission of Ascelin. Its ill Success. Letter to
the Pope. Mission of Carpini. -The Camp of Baatu. Journey to the
Residence of the Grand Khan. - Great Hungary. -The Country of the
Alans. The Kangittæ. - Bisermini. — Election of a Grand Khan.-
The Ceremonies. The golden Tent. — Appearance of the Emperor. ·
Reception of the Friars.-The Hardships they endured. Description
of the Mongols. Their Character. Superstitions. Worship the
Moon.
Climate of Mongolia. - Prodigious
Showers of Hail. - Christianity among the Chinese. - Prester John.
Combustibles used in War.
Tribes of the Mongols. -
Page 241
CHAP. IV.
TKAVELS OF RUBRUQUIS.
Rumoured Conversion of the Mongol Princes. - Letter from Erkaltay to
St. Louis.-The King of France sends holy Relics to the Mongols.
Despatches Rubruquis to Sartach. - Germans dwelling on the Black Sea.
-Tatar Encampments. Journey to the Volga. -
-Desert of Kipjak.
The Alans.-Court of Sartach.-Houses on Carts. - Sartach not a Chris-
tian.-Friars sent forward to Baatu Khan. - Obliged to proceed to Cara-
corum. - The Land of Organum. Description of the Yak. Canni-
balism in Thibet. The Court of Mangu Khan. - Europeans in Caraco-
rum. - The Fountain made by William Bouchier. - Christianity among
the Uigurs. Christian Ceremonies imitated in the East. Chinese
Writing. Islands in the Eastern Sea. -Prester John. - Knowledge of
Tatary. Brigands in the Caucasus. Journey Home. Haitho the
Armenian. The Tarsæ. - Tribes of the Mongols.
The two Poli visit Bolgar. — Go to Bokhara. — - Proceed to the Court of the
Grand Khan. - Return Home. - Marco Polo travels to China. — His
Success. Favour at Court.-Embassage from Persia. - The Poli per-
mitted to leave China.- Navigate the Indian Seas. - Pass through Ar-
menia. Their Arrival at Venice. - Expedient to display their Wealth.
-War with Genoa. Marco Polo taken Prisoner. Writes his Narra-
tive. Released from Captivity. Returns Home. His Account of
Asia. Balkh. - Balaxia. - Cashmeer. - Sartam. — Desert of Lop. —
Haunted by evil Spirits. Their malicious Arts. — Tangut. - Manners
of the Tatars. Interment of the Khans. The Yak. - Pavilion of the
Khan. His white Horses. - Splendour of his Court. - City of Cam
balu. Its Form and Size. Palace of the Khan. Its Parks and
Gardens.
276
CHAP. VI.
TRAVELS OF MARCO POLO CONTINUED.
Thibet.
Manji or Southern China. - King Fanfur. - His Overthrow. - Prediction
fulfilled.-Marco Polo made Governor of a City. - Siege of Sa-yan-fu.
Services of the Poli. — Great Trade of Sin-gui. — The River Kiang. -
City of Kin-sai. — Its Size.— Markets, Canals, and Bridges.—Popula-
tion. - Police. Sale of Children. - Port of Zaitun. - Manufacture of
Porcelain.-Cannibals in China.
Method of frightening
wild Beasts. Sorcerers. Salt used as Money. Musk Gazelles. —
Description of Crocodiles. - - Superstition in Carazan. — Custom of gilding
the Teeth.- Japan famous for its Wealth.-The Tatars fail to conquer
it. The Generals punished. — Country of Ciampa. Greater Java. -
Lesser Java. - The Rhinoceros. — Sago. Ceylon. - The King's Ruby.
Manners of the Hindoos. - St. Thomas. - Arabian Ports. - - Madagas-
car. -The Rokh.- Abyssinia. The North of Europe. Merits of
Marco Polo. - The Missionaries. — John de Montecorvino visits Persia
and India. Proceeds to China. - Thwarted by the Nestorians. His
Success.- Converts a Mongol Prince. His great Labours. - Created
Archbishop of Cambalu.
Page 293
CHAP. VII.
ODERIC OF PORTENAU.
Itinerary of Pegoletti. -Caravan Journeys. - Gintarchan. Sara. Sara-
canco. - Organci. -Oltrarra. - Armalecco. - Camexu.-Gamalecco.-
Oderic of Portenau.- Trebizond. Mount Ararat. - Tower of Babel.
Chaldeans. - Martyrdom of four Friars. - Oderic collects their Bones. —
Works Miracles. - Forest of Pepper. — Fair of Jaggernaut. — Voluntary
Tortures.- Cannibals in Lamouri. - Wealth of Java.—Sago Trees. —
Amulets found in Canes. - Shoals of Fish. - Characteristics of the Chi-
nese.- Mode of fishing in China. - Feasts of the Idols. — Valley of the
Dead. The Grand Lama, — Sir John Mandeville. - His Travels fabu-
lous. Rivers of Rocks.- Islands of Giants. Lambs of Tatary. -
Growth of Diamonds. - Palace of Prester John.
314
EMBASSY OF CLAVIJO.
Clavijo appointed Ambassador to the Court of Timur. - Journey through
Armenia. Calmarin. -Tebriz.- Destruction of the Palace. - Privi-
leges of the Genoese, -Sultania. - Commercial Route. Domghaun
-Towers built of human Skulls. - Tatar Mode of posting.— Ambassa-
dors introduced. - The Festivals at Court.-Samarcand.- How peopled.
- Its Trade. -Departure of the Embassy. -Death of Timur.- Schildt-
berger taken Prisoner by the Turks, and subsequently by the Tatars. —
His Wanderings. Expedition to Issibur. - Shah Rokh sends Ambas-
sadors to China. - Journey through the Desert. Civilisation of the
Telegraphs in China. - Turning Towers.-The Imperial
Court.-Musical Skill. — Dismissal of the Embassy.
Chinese.
331