John x. 16. usurped power, these scriptures following, with many other. In the chapter " Unam sanctam," he abuseth to that purJohn xxi. pose this text, Pasce oves meas; and this also, Unum est 15-17. ovile et unus Pastor; and, Ecce duo gladii hic; et, Converte Luke xxii. gladium tuum in vaginam; et, Quæ autem sunt, a Deo or38. dinatæ sunt; et, Ecce constitui te hodie super gentes et regna; et, Spiritualis homo judicat omnia, ipse autem a Jer. i. 10. nemine judicatur; et, Quodcunque ligaveris super terram 1 Cor. ii. 15. &c.; et, In principio creavit Deus cœlum et terram. Matt. xxvi. 52. Rom. xiii. 1. Matt, xvi. 19. 1 Pet. ii. 13. Jer. i. 10. Gen. i. 16. John xxi. 15. Matt. xvi. 19. 8. In the chapter "Solitæ," De major. et obed. he abuseth this text, Subditi estote omni humanæ creaturæ propter Deum, sive regi tanquam præcellenti, sive ducibus &c.; also this text, Ecce constitui te super gentes et regna &c.; also this, Fecit Deus duo luminaria magna in firmamento cæli, luminare majus &c.; also, Pasce oves meas; et, Quodcunque ligaveris super terram &c. C In the chapter "Per venerabilem," Qui filii sunt legit. Deut. xvii. he abuseth this text, Si difficile et ambiguum apud te judicium esse perspexeris inter sanguinem et sanguinem, &c. leaving out these words, secundum legem Dei; also he 1 Cor. vi. 3. abuseth this text, Nescitis quod angelos judicabimus, quanto magis secularia. [There is much ingenuity in the manner in which Innocent III. pressed this text into his service. According to him, as God made two great lights, the sun and the moon, so he made two great powers, the papal and the royal; “sed illa quæ præest diebus, id est, spiritualibus, "major est; quæ vero carnalibus, minori: ut quanta est inter solem et lunam, tanta inter pontifices et reges differentia cognoscatur." The precise difference, as calculated by the commentator, may be stated in the words of Jewel: "And how much the emperor is less, the gloss de"clareth by mathematical computation, saying, that the earth is seven "times greater than the moon, and the sun eight times greater than the "earth: so followeth it, that the pope's dignity is six and fifty times greater than the dignity of the emperor.' Jewell, Sermon at Paul's Cross, and Reply to Harding's Answer, p. 29, and 215.] [Substance of a speech on the authority of the pope, and of general councils.] I have seen a long speech of Cranmer's, written by one of his Burn. Ref. secretaries. It was spoken soon after the parliament had passed vol.i.p.353. the acts formerly mentioned, for it relates to them as lately done it was delivered either in the house of lords, the upper house of convocation, or at the council-board; but I rather think it was in the house of lords, for it begins, My lords. The matter of it does so much concern the business of reformation, that I know the reader will expect I should set down the heads of it. It appears he had been ordered to inform the house about these things. The preamble of his speech runs upon this conceit : That as rich men, flying from their enemies, carry away all they can with them, and what they cannot take away they either hide or destroy it; so the court of Rome had destroyed so many ancient writings, and hid the rest, having carefully preserved every thing that was of advantage to them, that it was not easy to discover what they had so artificially concealed: therefore, in the canon law, some honest truths were yet to be found, but so mislaid, that they are not placed where one might expect them; but are to be met with in some other chapters, where one would least look for them. And many more things said by the ancients, of the see of Rome, and against their authority, were lost, as appears by the fragments yet remaining. He shewed, that d [According to Burnet, there was a copy of this speech among bishop Stillingfleet's manuscripts. Several of these are now in the library at Lambeth, but they do not contain this speech; neither can it be discovered in Marsh's library at Dublin, where some of the bishop's books are preserved. In the deficiency therefore of better authority, Burnet's abridgment of it, with his short prefatory account, is here reprinted. The value of its contents, even in this imperfect form, will justify, it is hoped, its insertion.] [The acts alluded to are those for declaring the king's supremacy, for confirming the oath of succession, for granting the first-fruits and tenths to the king, for appointing suffragan bishops; all passed in the session of November and December, 1534.] many of the ancients called every thing which they thought well done, of divine institution, by a large extent of the phrase; in which sense the passages of many fathers, that magnified the see of Rome, were to be understood. Then he shewed, for what end general councils were called; to declare the faith, and reform errors: not that ever any council was truly general, for even at Nice there were no bishops almost, but out of Egypt, Asia, and Greece; but they were called general, because the emperor summoned them, and all Christendom did agree to their definitions, which he proved by several authorities: therefore, though there were many more bishops in the council of Arimini, than at Nice or Constantinople, yet the one was not received as a general council, and the others were: so that it was not the number, nor authority of the bishops, but the matter of their decisions, which made them be received with so general a submission. As for the head of the council: St. Peter and St. James had the chief direction of the council of the apostles, but there were no contests then about headship. Christ named no head; which could be no more called a defect in him, than it was one in God, that had named no head to govern the world. Yet the church found it convenient to have one over them; so archbishops were set over provinces. And though St. Peter had been head of the apostles, yet as it is not certain that he was ever in Rome, so it does not appear that he had his headship for Rome's sake, or that he left it there; but he was made head for his faith, and not for the dignity of any see therefore the bishops of Rome could pretend to nothing from him, but as they followed his faith: and Liberius, and some other bishops there, had been condemned for heresy; and if, according to St. James, faith be to be tried by works, the lives of the popes for several ages gave shrewd presumptions, that their faith was not good. And though it were granted that such a power was given to the see of Rome, yet by many instances he shewed, that positive precepts, in a matter of that nature, were not for ever obligatory. And therefore Gerson wrote a book, De Aufe ribilitate Papæ. So that if a pope with the cardinals be corrupted, they ought to be tried by a general council, and submit to it. St. Peter gave an account of his baptizing Cornelius, when he was questioned about it. So Damasus, Sixtus, and Leo, purged themselves of some scandals. Then he shewed how corrupt the present pope was, both in his person and government, for which he was abhorred, even by some of his cardinals, as himself had heard and seen at Rome. It is true, there was no law to proceed against a vicious pope, for it was a thing not foreseen, and thought scarcely possible; but new diseases required new remedies: and if a pope that is an heretic may be judged in a council, the same reason would hold against a simoniacal, covetous, and impious pope, who was salt that had lost its savour. And by several authorities he proved, that every man who lives so, is thereby out of the communion of the church; and that, as the preeminence of the see of Rome flowed only from the laws of men, so there was now good cause to repeal these; for the pope, as was said in the council of Basil, was only vicar of the church, and not of Christ: so he was accountable to the church. The council of Constance, and the divines of Paris, had, according to the doctrine of the ancient church, declared the pope to be subject to a general council, which many popes in former ages had confessed. And all that the pope can claim even by the canon law is, only to call and preside in a general council; but not to overrule it, or have a negative vote in it. The power of councils did not extend to princes' dominions, or secular matters, but only to points of faith, which they were to declare, and to condemn heretics: nor were their decrees laws, till they were enacted by princes. Upon this he enlarged much, to shew, that though a council did proceed against a king, (with which they then threatened the king,) that their sentence was of no force, as being without their sphere. The determination of councils ought to be well considered and examined by the Scriptures; and in matters indifferent, men ought to be left to their freedom. He taxed the severity of Victor's proceedings against the churches of the East, about the day of Easter: and concluded, that, as a member of the body is not cut off, except a gangrene comes in it; so no part of the church ought to be cut off, but upon a great and inevitable cause. And he very largely shewed, with what moderation and charity the church should proceed even against those that held errors. And the standard of the council's definitions should only be taken from the Scriptures, and not from men's traditions. He said, some general councils had been rejected by others; and it was a tender point, how much ought to be deferred to a council: some decrees of councils were not at all obeyed. The divines of Paris held, that a council could not make a new article of faith, that was not in the Scriptures. And as all God's promises to the people of Israel had this condition implied within them, If they kept his commandments; so he thought the promises to the Christian church had this condition in them, If they kept the faith. Therefore he had much doubting in himself as to general councils; and he thought that only the word of God was the rule of faith, which ought to take place in all controversies of religion. The Scriptures were called canonical, as being the only rule of the faith of Christians; and these, by appointment of the ancient councils, were only to be read in the churches. The fathers SS. Ambrose, Jerome, and Austin, did in many things differ from one another; but always appealed to the Scriptures, as the common and certain standard. And he cited some remarkable passage out of St. Austin to shew, what difference he put between the Scriptures, and all the other writings even of the best and holiest fathers. But when all the fathers agreed in the exposition of any place of Scripture, he acknowledged he looked on that as flowing from the Spirit of God; and it was a most dangerous thing to be wise in our own conceit : therefore he thought councils ought to found their decisions on the word of God, and those expositions of it that had been agreed on by the doctors of the church. Then he discoursed very largely what a person a judge ought to be; he must not be partial, nor a judge in his own |