Square and diamond netting are frequently ornamented by having patterns darned on them, in simple darning or in various point stitches, in which we hope shortly to instruct our readers. In the latter case it forms a variety of the sort of work termed guipure. Stitches in netting are always counted by knots. The beauty of netting consists in its firmness and regularity. Loops longer than the others of the same kind should be avoided. All joins in the thread must be made in a very strong knot; and, if possible, at an edge, so that it may not be perceived. JEWELLED DOYLEYS. THE RUBY. Materials.-1 oz. ruby-coloured beads, No. 2, and one reel, No. 16 Messrs. W. Evans and Co.'s Boar's-head crochet cotton. BEGIN by threading all the beads on the cotton; then make a chain of 8 stitches, and close into a round. All the d'oyley is done in Sc, except the edge. 1st Round.-+ 1 Ch, 1 Sc on Sc, +8 times. 2nd Round.-+1 Ch, 2 Sc on 2 Sc, + 8 times. It will be observed that instead of the usual way of increasing by working two stitches in one, a chain-stitch is made, and one Sc only is worked on each Sc. 3rd Round.-+ 1 Ch, 3 Sc on Sc, + 8 times. 4th Round. +3 beads, the first 2 over 2, 3 cotton, 1 bead, cotton,+8 times. 5th Round. +7 beads (the first over first of last round), 5 cotton, + 8 times. End with 1 bead on the last stitch. 6th Round.+6 beads, (1st on 1st), 6 cotton, 1 bead, +8 times. 7th Round.- + 3 beads, 10 cotton, 1 bead, + 8 times. End with 2 beads. 8th Round. +3 beads, 10 cotton, 2 4th Round.- +1 Ch, 4 Sc on Sc, + 8 beads. + 8 times. End with 3 beads. times. 9th Round. + 3 beads, 11 cotton, 3 5th Round.+ 1 Ch; 5 Sc on Sc, +8 beads, +7 times, 3 beads. This round times. is not perfect. 6th Round.+ 1 Ch, 6 Sc on Sc, +8 times. 7th Round. times. +1 Ch, 7 Sc on Sc, +8 10th Round. +3 cotton over cotton, 1 bead, 4 cotton, 4 beads, 1 cotton, 3 beads, +8 times. 11th Round. +2 cotton, 9 beads, 3 1st Bead Round.+ 2 cotton, 6 beads, cotton, (over 1 bead, 1 cotton,) 3 beads, + + 8 times. 2nd Round.- +4 beads, coming over 2 cotton, and 1 bead at each side, 5 cotton over 4 beads, + 8 times. 3rd Round.-+2 beads over the centre 2 of 4,8 cotton, + 8 times. 8 times. 12th Round.-3 cotton over 2, +7 beads, 5 cotton, 4 beads, 2 cotton, + 8 times. 13th Round. + 1 cotton, 5 beads, 5 cotton, 3 beads, 1 cotton, 2 beads, 1 cotton, 8 times. 14th Round.+4 cotton, (over 1 cotton, 2 beads,) 3 beads, 5 cotton, 4 beads, (the last on last of 3,) 4 cotton, + 8 times. 15th Round.- 2 cotton, 5 beads, (the last on last of 3,) 3 cotton, 6 beads, 5 cotton, 8 times, 16th Round.+ 13 beads, 1 cotton, 2 beads, 6 cotton on 5, + 7 times. Eighth time, 4 cotton only on 3. 17th Round.+ 9 beads, 1 cotton, 4 beads, 2 cotton, (last over 1 cotton,) 3 beads, 4 cotton over 3, + 7 times. Eighth time, 3 cotton on 2. 18th Round.-9 beads, 1 cotton, 5 beads, 2 cotton, 5 beads, 2 cotton on 1, +7 times. Eighth, 1 cotton. 19th Round. 5 beads, 5 cotton, 5 beads, 10 cotton, (over 9 stitches,) + 8 times. 20th Round. + 3 beads, 8 cotton, (over 7 stitches,) 5 beads, 5 cotton, 1 bead, 4 cotton, + 8 times. 21st Round. 3 beads over 3, 10 cotton (making 1), 5 beads, (beginning on 2nd of 5,) 3 cotton, 2 beads, 4 cotton, + 8 times. 22nd Round. + 3 beads on 3, 12 cotton, (making 1,) 9 beads, 4 cotton, + 8 times. 23rd Round. + 3 beads on 3, 6 cotton, 4 beads, 3 cotton, 7 beads, (on centre 7 of 9,) 5 cotton, + 8 times. 24th Round. + 3 beads on 3, 6 cotton on 5, 6 beads, 14 cotton, + 8 times. 25th Round.- 4 beads, (beginning over 1st of 3,) 7 cotton, (on 5 and 1 bead,) 5 beads, 14 cotton, + 8 times. 26th Round.—+ 1 cotton over 1 bead, 4 beads, 3 cotton, 1 bead, 3 cotton, 4 beads, (over last 4 of 5), 13 cotton, + 8 times. 27th Round.+ 2 cotton on 1 cotton, 8 beads, 3 cotton, 4 beads, 13 cotton, + 8 times. 28th Round.- +3 cotton over 2 C and 1 B, 6 beads, 3 cotton, 4 beads, 14 cotton, 8 times. 29th Round.+ 4 cotton, 3 beads (the 1st over 2nd of 6), 3 cotton, 5 beads, 16 cotton,+8 times, 5 cotton. 30th Round.+ 9 beads, beginning on 2nd of 3, 21 cotton, + 8 times. Do one round of cotton only, and then one of beads. BORDER. 2 Sc cotton, 15 beads, 2 cotton, 13 chain with a bead on each, miss 12,8 times. 2 Se with cotton, on the first 2 beads, * 1 bead, 1 cotton, alternately 6 times, 1 cotton, 5 Ch, with beads, 1 Sc with bead on 4th of 13, 7 Ch with beads, miss 5 of 13, Sc with bead on next, 5 Ch with beads, + 8 times. 3rd Round.-+2 Sc with cotton on 2nd Sc and 1 bead, * 1 bead, 1 cotton, * 5 times, I cotton, 5 Ch with beads, 1 Sc with bead on 4th of 5, 6 Ch with beads, 1 Sc on 4th of 7 with beads, 6 Ch with beads, Sc with bead on 2nd of 5 Sc, 5 Ch with beads, + 8 times. 4th Round.+ 2 Sc cotton as before, * 1 bead over cotton, 1 cotton over bead, * 4 times. 1 more cotton, 5 Ch with beads, 1 Sc with bead on 4th of 5, 6 Ch with beads,! Se with bead on 4th of 6, 6 Ch with bead, 1 Sc with bead on 3rd of next 6,6 Ch with beads, 1 Sc with bead on 2nd of 5, 5 Ch with beads. These Doyleys must be washed with white Windsor soap and soft water only. When quite clean rinse them in fresh water, and hang them before a fire, or in the air to dry. When nearly dry, pull them out into shape. On no account use any starch, nor an iron. Beads, when of good quality, and properly washed, will remain for years uninjured. A HORSE'S FOOT.-The foot of a horse is one of the most ingenious and singular pieces of mechanism in the animal structure, and scarcely yielding to any in regularity and complexity of parts, under simplicity of design. The hoof contains a series of vertical and thin lamina of horn, so numerous as to amount to about five hundred, and forming a complete lining to it. Into this are fitted as many lamina belonging to the coffin-bone, which sets are elastic and adherent. The edge of a quire of paper inserted leaf by leaf into one another, will convey a sufficient idea of this arrangement. Thus, the weight of the animal is supported by as many elastic springs as there are lamina the feet, amounting to about four thousand, distributed in the most secure manner, since every spring is acted upon in an oblique direction. Such is the contrivance for the safety of an animal destined to carry greater weight than that of its own body, and to carry those, also, under the hazard of heavy shocks.-M'Culloch. all BUT there is another thing about air, which I must remind you of, which is this if a vessel is filled with it in its common state, as may be done at any time by merely opening the vessel to admit it, it will remain just as it is, so long as the heat is the same; but if we can by any means take away some of it, the vessel will not be partly full only, but quite full, as it was before. This is what I wish you to understand, as it is very curious. Look at the diagrams (Figs. 5 and 6). The first represents a box or vessel filled with air. The particles of air are represented by the globes drawn in it. There are, you see, a great many of these little globes or globules, and they are all small, and together fill the vessel. Now look at Fig. 6. It represents the same box, after I have taken away some of the air; there are now fewer of these globules, because I have removed some of them, yet the box is still quite full. The air left has expanded, and its particles grown larger and thinner. Thus you see that heat expands water by converting it into steam, and it expands air by increasing the size of its particles; and you also see that if some of the air in a vessel is removed, the remainder will immediately expand to fill up the space. When, therefore, the cork is at the top of the tube, as in Fig. 4, page 101, there is not really a vacant place between the air and water, as we at first supposed, because the air in the top of the boiler will expand to fill it (for you will observe that it is just the same as if I had filled the boiler and tube with air, and then taken away that which was between B and C). Now some of you say that if there is air in the whole space below the cork, it will not return to the bottom of the tube, as I said at first; but it will, for the air above it is thicker and heavier than that which is now below it, and, therefore, presses upon it with greater force; but it will not push it down lower than it was at first, because when it has arrived there, the air above and below it will be exactly equal in thickness, or density, as it is called, and so the cork being pressed upwards and downwards with equal force, will now remain at rest, and the apparatus will be in all respects in the same state as it was when we began. And now I have done with what I am afraid some of my young friends have thought "a dry beginning;" but there is an old saying and a true one, "that you must walk before you can run ;" and if I had left out all this introductory part, you could not have understood the rest. Hoping you have attended closely to what I have been telling you, I will go on now to show you how the principles you have learnt are applied; in fact, I am going to show you how the first steam engine was made. Here is a picture of it in its simplest form, and it was used to pump water. The name of its inventor was Thomas Newcomen, either an ironmonger or a blacksmith, who lived at Dartmouth, in Devonshire. A, is a tube bored very smooth on the inside, and fitted into the top of the boiler, B, as in our last experiment. We will, however, now begin to call it by another name. It is termed the cylinder of the engine; its lower end is made smaller, and has a stopcock inserted in it. You do not, perhaps, know exactly how a stopcock is made, although you often see them used in water or beer-barrels. The diagram represents one taken apart, and put together. You see that it consists of two parts. A, is a plug of wood or metal with a hole cut through it; this fits into a tube, B, and though made to fit it very closely, can be turned round by its cross handle. When, therefore, it is turned, so that its hole is in the same direction as the hollow tube, anything may be passed through it, as steam, water, or air; but when the plug is turned so that the hole is against the side of the tube, the tube will be stopped and nothing can pass well, H. The boiler is half filled with through it. One of these stopcocks, water, as before, and the cock, S, is closed then, is placed at the bottom of the cylin- till the steam raised by the fire, C, presses der, so that by turning it, I can allow the with some force against the top and sides steam to pass through it from the boiler of the boiler. The tap, S, is then turned, into the cylinder, or prevent it from doing and the piston, which was at the bottom of So. In this cylinder is placed what is the cylinder, is raised by the steam below called a piston, which is, in fact, very like it. This will not push up the end of the the cork we placed in the tube in our beam to which the piston-rod is attached, first apparatus, and it will move up and the latter being only united to it by the down in the tube just as the cork did. It chain; but the other end of the beam beis not, however, really a cork, but a round ing weighted so as to be the heaviest, will piece of metal, made to fit the cylinder by now preponderate, and the pump-rod will having tow wound round its edge, exactly be lowered. The piston being now near like the piston that you have seen in a the top of the cylinder, the steam-cock is syringe or common squirt. To this is shut, and the cold-water cock, T, opened; attached a metal rod, E, called the piston- the cold water from the cistern, L, will rod. F, is a beam turning upon a fixed now spirt into the cylinder, and turn the centre, like the beam of a pair of scales. steam into water again, or, as it is termed, The ends you will perceive have an arched condense it; and this water will pass off piece attached, to the highest point of by the pipe, K, into the well, H, or elsewhich a chain is attached, made like the where. The cock, T, is then stopped, and, chain in the inside of a watch. To one there being now no steam or air below the of these chains the piston-rod is attached, piston, it will descend with great force, and to the other the pump-rod. being pressed down by the air above it. This alternate opening and shutting of the cocks, S and T, will, therefore, be all that is needed to keep the engine at work. The greatest force being required in the downward stroke of the piston (because the power is needed to raise the pump-rod and bucket), and this being effected by the pressure of the atmosphere acting on Thus you perceive that if we can contrive to work one end of the beam up and down, the other will also move, but in the contrary direction. I will, therefore, show you how the end to which the piston-rod is attached is alternately moved in this way, by which movement the pump G is worked, and the water pumped out of the |