latter centuries, the Pibrach is more generally used in the highlands of Scotland than in any part of England or Ireland; and it has a moft extraordinary influence, even at this day, on the native highlanders, in the time of action. The victory at Quebec, in 1760, is attributed by them to the infpiring effect of the Pibrach'. The term Pibra'ch implies the Arm-pipe, from its being blown by the arm.

The Tabrwdd, Tabret, or Drum, was anciently an inftrument of mirth, used upon festivals, public dancings, and at celebrations, to accompany other inftruments. Subsequently, it was used in war, to direct the foldiers in their march, attack, retreat, &c.; for which purpose a larger drum was used than the tabor. This inftrument is faid to be an Oriental invention.

The old English march of the foot was formerly in high eftimation as well abroad as with us; its characteristic is dignity and gravity, in which refpect it differs greatly from the French; which, as it is given by Merfennus, is brifk and alert. Sir Roger Williams, a gallant Welsh soldier of queen Elizabeth's time, (and who has therefore a place among the Worthies of Lloyd and Winstanley,) had once a conversation on this fubject with Marshal Biron, a French general. The Marshal obferved, that the Englith march beaten on the Drum was flow, heavy, and fluggish: "that may be true," answered Sir Roger, "but, flow as it is, it has traversed your master's country from one end to the other."

The laft, which perhaps fhould have been mentioned before, is the Corn Buelin, or Bugle-Horn. This inftrument was usually made in the form of a femi-circle, and received its general appellation from its being the horn of the Bugle, Buffalo, or wild Ox, an animal formerly common in this island. In the reign of King Howel, there were three principal Horns belonging to the Royal palace; the account of them I fhall extract literally from the ancient Welsh laws:

"Tri Chorn Cyweithas y fydd i'r Brenin,

ac a ddylyant vod yn Vuelin:

Ei Gorn Cyvedd, a yvo y Brenin o honaw;

a'i Gorn Cychwyn, a vo yn ei gyweithas yn waftad;

a Chorn Hela yn llawy Pencynydd:

A phunt yw gwerth pob un o bonunt."

Leges Wallica, pp. 266. 311. "Or á y Pencynydd yn anrhaith gan Deulu y Brenin, neu gan Lû, caned ei Gorn pan vo iawn iddo, a dewised a dewifed eidion o'r anrbaith." Leges Wallica, p. 42.

The Bagpipe feems to have been long in ufe, and probably invented about the fame period as when the bellows was added to the Regal, or to the pipes of the Organ. Toward the close of Nero's reign, he vowed he would bring on a (Hydraulam, Choraulam, and Utricularium,) Water-Organ, a chorus of Flutes and Bagpipes.-Suetonii Tranquilli, Lib. II. Cap. 54.-And Hughes's Tranflation of the fame; vide Nero. This is the earliest mention of any thing of this kind that I can find. Alfo, according to the Supplement to Montfaucon's Antiquities, tranflated by Humphreys, Vol. III. Book VIII. Chap. 1. which fays, the Latin name of the Bag-pipe is Tibia Utricularis, and in Greek arxaves. It farther mentions a bas-relief of this inftrument in the court of the palace of Prince Santa Crota, at Rome; and a fimilar one under the arms of a fhepherd, in the cabinet of Cardinal Albani. One thing more I fhall notice refpecting the Bag-pipe, which in French is fometimes called Mufette Gallica, and Cornamufa Bourdone; the latter term evidently originated from the Welsh Byrdon, and, whence the English word Burden or Drone is derived. When any thing is got into general circulation, this old proverb is commonly applied to it:

"Ev a aeth hynny ar Gyrn a Phibau."

I. e. "That is become the note of the Horns and Pipes."2 Genefis XXXI. 27.-Exodous XV. 20.-Judges XI. 34.Pfalm CXLIX. 3.-Virgil's Georgics, Lib. IV. 64. And p. 85

of this work.

Three focial Horns are allotted for the ufe of the King,
and those should be of the Buffalo: viz.
His Banqueting, or drinking Horn;
the War Horn of his retinue, which was always in
readiness;

and the Horn of the Chace in the hands of his chief
huntsman:

And the value of each of them was a pound.

If the master of the hounds went out on a foraging expedition, with the family of the King, or with his army, he blew his Horn when it was neceffary, for which service he was to choose an ox from the military booty.

"Rhegain garm rhyw gwn gormes,

"Rhuglgroen, yn rhoi guslaw a gwres."

A Poem on Thunder by David ab Gwilym; fee p. 81 of bis Work. 3 King Arthur; and, Henry the Vth, both conquered France. The above bon-mot is recorded in one of thofe entertaining little books written by Crouch, under the fictitious name of Robert Burton, entitled, Admirable Curiofities, Rarities, and Wonders of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

The following poetical effufion on the Drum, by Scott, is lo
pretty and defcriptive, that I cannot forbear introducing it here:
"I hate that Drum's difcordant found,
Parading round, and round, and round:
To thoughtless youth it pleafure yields,
And lures from cities and from fields,
To fell their liberty for charms

Of tawdry lace, and glittering arms;
And when ambition's voice commands
To march, and fight, and fall in foreign lands.

I hate that Drum's discordant found,
Parading round, and round, and round;
To me it talks of ravag'd plains,
And burning towns, and ruin'd fwains,
And mangled limbs, and dying groans,
And Widow's tears, and Orphan's moans;
And all that Mifery's hand bestows,
To fill the catalogue of human woes.".

He likewife founded his fignal Horn in hunting, to animate the bunters and the dogs, and to call the latter together. The mafter of the royal hounds had the fame power of protection within the found of his Horn, while he was hunting, as the Chief Bard poffeffed while performing on his Harp 3. When his oath was required in a court of justice, he swore by his Horn and his Leafhes. By the old Welsh hunting laws it was decreed, that every perfon carrying a Horn was obliged to know the Nine Chaces; and that, if he could not give a proper account concerning them, he fhould lofe his Horn s.

This inftrument had lids occafionally at the ends of it, and was the cup out of which our forefathers quaffed mead, for which they valued it as much as for its cheering and warlike found. The merry Horn was fometimes a fubject of the Cambrian Mufe. There is a charming charming fpirited poem in the Rev. Mr. Evans's Specimens of the Welsh Poetry, and verfified in Mr. Pennant's Tour in Wales, entitled, Hirlas Owain, from a large drinking Horn used at feafts in his palace, and compofed by the Bard Owain Cyveiliog, Prince of Powys, about the year 1160, and immediately after his great victory over the English at Maelor, which will give my Reader fome idea how our famed ancestors used to regale themselves after battle in the days of Yore.

Hirlas, the Drinking Horn of Owen.

UP-ROSE the ruddy dawn of day,
The armies met in dread array

On Maelor Drevred's field;
Loud the British clarions found,
The Saxons, gafping on the ground,
The bloody conteft yield.

By Owen's arm the valiant bled;
From Owen's arm the coward fled
Aghaft with wild affright;

1 From Christmas until the month of February the Master of the Hounds ought to be with the King whenever he thinks fit. And, from the first week of the month of February, he ought to take his dogs, his horn, and his leafes, to go a hunting of the Roes during the fpring; and from that time until the feait of St. John, at Midfummer, he ought to hunt the roes. From the ninth day of October it is right for him to go to hunt the wild Boars, and from that time until the firil of November. Leges Wallica, pp. 40 and 41.

2 Leges Wallica, p. 42.

3 See the preceding page 27.

+ Leges Wallica, p. 40.

5 See the Welth Hunting-laws at the end of Dr. Davies, and Richards's Welsh Dictionaries.

"Corn Canu pieufo bynnag, dwygeiniawg a dál." Leg. Wal. p. 274. i. e. A common founding Horn of every denomination, was valued at two pence.——

In the Royal Palace of the Ancient Britons, the Patron of the Family received a hornful of the best liquor from the hand of the King, another from the Queen, and the third from the Steward of the household. Leges Wallica, pp. 16 and 17.

The Comptroller of the Household was allowed the length of his middle finger of fine ale, and up to the middle joint of the fame finger of bragget, and up to the first joint of mead. Leg. Wal. p. 13. The Mafter of the Royal Hounds was allowed three hornfuls of mead in every banquet; that is, one from the King, another from the Queen, and the third from the Cromptoller, or from the Patron of the Family. Leges Wallicæ, p. 39.

The Cup-bearer; his province was to keep the mead cellar, and whatever it contained, complete; alfo, to ferve out the liquor, and diftribute it to evy one according to his right. He was entitled to a lawful waflail from every feaft in which there was mead; that is, as much as the vetlels that ferved would contain of 'ale, and halt their fill of bragget, and the third of mead. Leges Walicæ, pp. 15 and 16.

The royal Porter had a vefill in the hall for receiving his waffail: the comptroller, and all the cup-bearers with him, on the three primary fellivals, viz. Chritias, Eafter, and Whitluntide, compimented the porter, by giving waflail into his veffel

Let then their haughty lords beware
How Owen's juft revenge they dare,

And tremble at his fight.

Fill the Hirlas Horn, my boy,
Nor let the tuneful lips be dry

That warble Owen's praise;
Whofe walls with warlike fpoils are hung,
And open wide his gates are flung

In Cambria's peaceful days.

out of the horns and the bowls. He was alfo allowed a hornful from the King, another from the Queen, and the third from the Mafter of the Horfe, out of the waffail of the followers, which was ftyled Gwirawd yr Ebyfdyl, or the Waffail Cup of the Apofiles; whom they probably invoked at the time of drinking. Leges Wallica, pp. 47 and 48.

This cuftom was in frequent ufe in old times. The Danes invoked the highest powers to affift the mighty draught: Help GOT unde MARIA.-(Pennant's Journey to London, 179.) And the Saxon ULPHUS, when he conveyed certain lands to the church of York, quaffed off the horn, DEO et St. Petro, Ulphus's curious horn is fill preferved in the cathedral at York.-(See the Archeologia, published by the Antiquarian Society, Vol. III. p. 8.) On lets terious occafions, on feftive days, the horn was emptied at one tip, and then blown to fhew that there was no deceit. Pennant's Journey to Wales, p. 287.

Io former days, Mead was the Nectar of the Ancient Britons, and the Bards often celebrate it. Prince Llywarch Hên fays, in one of his Foems, " Yn veddw vêdd Trén."

i. e. The mead of Trên made me jovial.

Garthan, the name of a fort or caftle, fomewhere near the Severn.

3 Probably this alludes to the famous battle of Bangor-y-Gwygyr, in Flintshire, fought A. D. 633.

But, ah! his fhort-liv'd triumph's o'er,

Brave Moreiddig is no more!

To his penfive ghoft we'll give

Due remembrance, while we live;

And in fairy fiction drefs'd,

Flowing hair, and fable veft,

The tragic Mufe fhall grace our fongs,

Their drink was Mead, their hearts were true,

And to the head their fhafts they drew;

But Owen's guards, in dread array,

Refiftlefs march along, and make the world give way.

Pour the fweet tranfparent Mead,

(The fpear is red in time of need,)

While brave Moreiddig's name the mournful ftrain And give to each departed fpirit prolongs.-

Pour out the horn, (tho' he defire it not,)

And heave a figh on Morgan's early grave;
Doom'd in his clay-cold tenement to rot,
While we revere the memory of the brave.-

Fill again the Hirlas Horn,
On that ever-glorious morn,
The Britons and their foes between,
What prodigies of might were feen!
On Gwelyn's plains the fight began;
But Gronwy fure was more than man!
Him to refift, on Gweftyn's plain,
A hundred Saxons ftrove in vain.
To fet the noble Meirig free,

And change his bonds to liberty,

The warriors vow'd. The God of day

Scarce darted his meridian ray,

When he beheld the conquerors fteep'd in gore,

The honour and reward of merit.
What cares furround the regal flate,
What anxious thoughts moleft the great,
None but a prince himself can know,

And Heav'n, that ruleth Kings, and lays the mighty
low.-

For Daniel fill the horn fo green,
Of haughty brow, and angry mien;
While the lefs'ning tapers fhine,
Fill it up with gen'rous wine..
He nor quarter takes, nor gives,
But by fpoils and rapine lives.
Comely is the youth, and brave;
But obdurate as the grave.
Hadft thou seen, in Maelor fight,
How we put the foe to flight!
Hadft thou feen the chiefs in arms,
When the foes rufh'd on in fwarms!

And Gwestyn's bloody fight, ere higheft noon was o'er. Round about their prince they stood,

And ftain'd their fwords with hoftile blood.
Glorious bulwarks! To their praise

The prince devotes his latest lays.

Now, my boy, thy task is o'er,

Thou shalt fill the horn no more.

Long may the King of Kings protect,

And crown with blifs, my friends elect;

Where Liberty and Truth refide,

And Virtue, Truth's immortal bride!

There may we all together meet,

And former times renew in heav'nly converfe fweet!

R. W.

I was fortunate in meeting with one of thefe celebrated Horns at Penrhyn, near Bangor, in Caernarvonshire, formerly the fpot where Roderick Molwynog Prince of Wales's palace flood, and afterwards the feat of the Griffiths's. By the initials, and a creft on the Horn, I find that it belonged to Sir Rhys Gruffydd, and fubfequently to his gallant fon Sir Piers Gruffydd, a diftinguifhed naval officer, who fhared in the honour of defeating the Spanish Armada, and other valiant actions; he was living in 1598. This Horn was found many years ago in removing fome rubbish close to the tower of the old house'; from the top of which, probably, it had been dropped or loft, because every chief Lord of a district formerly poffeffed a fimilar Horn, which occafionally was blown from the highest turret of his houfe, as a fignal to call around his vaffals in a cafe of danger. I made a correct drawing of it, which I have caufed to be engraved in the trophy of the mufical inftruments in p. 85, where the Reader will fee it hanging on the top of the

The prefent owner of Penrhyn is now Lord Penrhyn, who | marriage he came to that eflate. married a defcendant of Archbishop Williams, and by which 3

triple

triple Harp. The original is the most elegant antique I ever faw; it is tipt with fculptured filver, and decorated with a beautiful filver chain '.

In the time of the princely Bard Llywarch Hen, about the year 560, the Dugle Horn was then in equal estimation, both to excite heroism, as well as for a mead cup, as appears by the following fragments: Y Corn a'th roddes di URIEN,

A'i arwefi aur am ei én,

Chwyth ynddar o'th ddaw angen.

Anoeth bydd brawd yn cynnull,

Amgyrn buelyn am drull,

Rhebydd viled Rheged dull!

Anoeth bydd brawd yn cynnwys,
Amgyrn buelyn, amwys
Rhebydd viled Rhegedwys.

From

Handid Eurddyl avlawen henoeth,
A llucfydd amgen,

Yn Aber-Lleu lladd Urien!'

Urien, loudly found the Horn that I gave thee,

with the golden chain around its brim;

found it when thou art put to extremity.

Llywarch Hen's Elegy on his Sons.

It will be a cruel task for a brother to circulate the bugle-horns.

It grieves me to think of convivial banquets,

fince the lord of Rheged's numerous troops are flain.

'Tis unmeet to permit the circulation of the
drinking horns! 'tis ambiguous,

whether the noble Lord was imprecated or not.

Eurddyl is forrowful and aged;

ftript of her ornaments; deprived of a general that had no rival: at Aber-llu was Urien flain! From Llywarch Hen's Elegy on Urien Reged, King of Cumbria.

St. Patrick, the Briton, who was educated at Glaftonbury Abbey, and being illuftrious for his fanctity, was sent to Ireland, in the reign of Laogaire, fon of Nial the great, about A. D. 432, to reform the Irish to Christianity. Giraldus farther relates, "that St. Patrick had a Horn, which was not of gold but of brass; that Horn was afterwards brought to Wales from Ireland; but, what is remarkable of that Horn is this, that, by applying the opening of the larger end to the ear, one may hear a fweet-founding noise emitted. through it, like the melody which is ufually fent forth by the naked Harp gently touched 2."

The Bugle Horn appears also at a very early period among the Gauls; for, Cafar, in the account of his wars, fays, "there is an animal in the Hercynian Foreft called the Uri, (or Buffalo,) and they who kill the greatest number, and produce their horns in public as a proof, are in high reputation with their countryThe natives preferve them with great care, tip their edges with filver, and ufe them instead of cups on their most folemn feftivals 3."

men.

The Udgorn, or Trumpet: God himself vouchfafed to give direction to Mofes for the making of that inftrument; faying, "Make thee two Trumpets of filver; of a whole piece fhalt thou make them; that thou mayeft use them for the calling of the affembly, and for the journeying of the camps." Among the Hebrews, the privilege of founding the Sophar, or Trumpet, in religious ceremonies, was referved to

The dimensions of the Horn are the following: the diameter of the femi-circle 13 inches and . The whole line of the femi-circle 21 inches and. The diameter of the drinking end 2 inches and. The diameter of the blowing end rather above §. And it contains about half a pint.-

2 Giraldus's Topography of Ireland, Chap. XVI. Amongt fome papers of the late Mr. Edward Llwyd, the antiquary, dated 1706, I find the drawing of a brazen horn which was found at Bellinizor, near Carickfergus, about 20 years before; two others were found at the fame time. This horn was then in the cuftody of Mr. Malcolm of Bellimagart, in Antrim, in Ire land; it refembles a fow-gelder's horn, but has no aperture in the finallelt end, and probably the cap was on, as there is a ring at the point. It is above two feet long, and of a curve fhape. In Staffordfire, formerly, there was a white Hunter's Horn, decorated in the middle and at each end with filver, gilt; to which alfo was ailixed a gircle of fine black filk, adorned with buckles of filver, in the midit of which is placed a coat of arms, fuppofed to be that of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, about the year 1390. That horn was the inftrument by which the Efcheator and Coreer, through the whole honour of Tutbury, in the county of Stafford, and the Bailiwick of Leyke, held his office. Mr. Samuel Foxlow, of Stav ly, in Derbylbire, now enjoys the posts above-mentioned by this tenure, and in virtue of his being in poffeffion of the faid Hunter's Hoin. The offices conveyed by the Horn were thofe of feodary, or bailiff in fee; i.c.

Hereditary Steward of the two royal manors of Eaft and Weft
Leake, in Nottinghamshire, Efcheator, Coroner, and Clerk of the
Market, of the honour of Turbury; the second of which offices,
viz. Efcheater, is now in a manner obfolete." Blount's Ancient
Tenures, by Beckwith, pp. 156, 303; fecond edition.

Alan Sylveftris received the Bailiwick of Wir foreft by the delivery of a Horn. See Chefhire, in Camden's Britannia.

The Pufey family in Berkshire have a Bagle Horn which formerly was prefented to one of their ancettors by King Canute, the Dane, about the year 1019; and by which intrument they ftill hold their lands. I here is a print of that curious Horn in the Archeologia, published by the Antiquarian Society, Vo'. lil. p. 13; as well as of the Borfal Horn, in p. 1; and Mr. Bruce's Horn, in p. 25 of the fame volume. Likewife, I am informed, there is a Buge ton belonging to the chapter or church of Durham; and another at Corpus Chrifli College, Cambridge.

The Lager Horn, or hunter's music of Ruffia, uled by the grand Master of the Hunt to her Inperial Majesty, is made of thin brais, and in form refembling the Tuba of the ancients, that is, raight, exceping a fmall part of the blowing end, which is bent nearly at a right angle.-

3 Cefar's Commentaries, Bok VI. 26.

4 Numbers, Chap. X. &c. Numbers, XX:X. v. 1, &c. Diodorus Siculus fays, the Gauls had Trumpets after the Barbarian manner; Book V. Chap. I.

the