Note 1.-A pronoun representing two or more antecedents taken together, must be of the plural number. (See Examples in Article XI, 6.)

Note 2.—If the antecedents are singular, and refer to the same person or thing, the pronoun must be singular. (See Examples in Article XI, 6, c.)

Note 3.-A pronoun referring separately to two or more antecedents in the singular, must be in the singular. (See Examples in Article XI, 7.)

Note 4.-If the antecedents are of different persons, the pronoun must agree with the second in preference to the third, and with the first in preference either to the second or to the third. (See Examples in Article XI, 6, b.)

Note 5.-If a pronoun refer to two or more antecedents, one of the antecedents being feminine, and the other antecedent or antecedents being masculine, the pronoun must be parsed as masculine. (See Examples in Article XI, 6.)

Note 6.-If the antecedent is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the pronoun must be plural.

Rule VII.-Adjectives qualify nouns and pronouns.

Note 1.-An adjective sometimes qualifies another adjective. (See Examples in Article XII, 7, g.)

Note 2.-An adjective may qualify a noun and adjective taken together. (See Examples in Article XII, 4.)

Note 3.—An adjective may qualify both the verb and its subject at the same time. (See Examples in Article XII, 5.)

Note 4.-Adjectives involving the idea of unity should be followed by singular nouns, and those involving the idea of plurality should be followed by plural nouns.

Remark 1.—The adjectives requiring singular nouns are the distributives each, every, either, neither; the demonstratives this and that; the indefinites a or an and another, and all denoting quantity; the ordinals first, second, third, etc., and the cardinal one.

Remark 2.—The adjectives sundry, divers, various, several, and the cardinals two, three, four, etc., and all denoting number, require nouns in the plural.

Note 5.-When the basis of a substantive phrase consists of an infinitive or participle of an intransitive or passive verb, and of an adjective following the infinitive or participle, the adjective is used abstractly. (See Examples in Article V, 2 and 4.)

Remark.—An adjective or noun is said to be used abstractly when it is the implied attribute of some indefinite subject. (See Examples in Article XII, 2, c.)

Rule VIII.—A noun or pronoun which is the subject of a finite verb must be in the nominative case.

Rule IX.—A finite verb must agree with its subject in number and person.

Note 1.-Verbs having two or more subjects taken together, and not signifying the same thing, must be in the plural number. (See Examples in Article XIV, 12, a.)

Note 2.—If the nominatives are in the singular number, and mean the same person or thing, the verb must be in the singular. (See Examples in Article XIV, 12, b.)

Note 3.—If the nominatives are in the singular, and are considered separately in reference to the verb, the verb must be in the singular number. (See Examples in Article XIV, 12, c.)

Note 4.—If a verb preceded by two or more nominatives, taken separately, refer to one of the nominatives, and not to the others, it must be parsed as agreeing with the nominative to which it refers, and the verb, in the proper person and number, must be supplied after each of the other nominatives. (See Examples in Article XIV, 12, d.)

Note 5.-When two or more nominatives of different persons are connected by and, the verb prefers the second person to the third, and the first person to either the second or the third. (See Examples in Article XIV, 12, e.)

Note 6.-If nominatives of different persons are connected by or or nor, the verb must agree with the nominative which stands next to it. (See Examples in Article XIV, 12, f.)

Note 7.-If the subject be a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality, the verb must be plural. (See Examples in Article IX, 1.)

Note 8.—If the subject be a collective noun conveying unity of idea, the verb must be singular. (See Examples in Article IX, 2.)

Rule X.-An intransitive or passive verb may have the same case after it as before it, when both words refer to the same person or thing. (See Examples in Article XX.)

Note. When the basis of a substantive phrase consists of an infinitive or participle of an intransitive or passive verb, and of a noun or pronoun following the infinitive or participle, the noun or pronoun is in the nominative case, and is used abstractly.

OTHERWISE.

A noun or pronoun used as in the foregoing note may be parsed as being in the nominative absolute.

Rule XI.—An infinitive or participle generally relates to some noun or pronoun as its subject.

Note 1.—An infinitive or participle is sometimes used independently.

Note 2.—To, the sign of the infinitive, is omitted after the verbs bid, dare, let, and some others. (See Examples in Article XXIII, 25.)

Note 3.-Verbs in the infinitive are sometimes used abstractly. (See Examples in Article XXXIV.)

Remark.-Verbs in the infinitive are used abstractly when they follow the participle or infinitive of an intransitive or passive verb.

Note 4.—Infinitives following passive verbs which in the active voice may govern an infinitive as an attributive object, also infinitives following the intransitive verbs to be, to seem, to appear, and some others, are called the infinitive attribute. (See Examples in Article XXVIII.)

Rule XII.-Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. (See Examples in Article XV.)

Rule XIII.-Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and sentences.

Rule XIV. An interjection has no grammatical relation to other words in a sentence.

der;

ABBREVIATIONS.

N., noun; adj., adjective; pron., pronoun; v., verb; adv., adverb; prep., preposition; conj., conjunction; com., common; prop., proper; masc., masculine gender; fem., feminine gender; neut., neuter gensing., singular number; plu., plural number; nom., nominative case; poss., possessive case; obj., objective case; ind., indicative mode; subj., subjunctive mode; inf., infinitive mode; pres., present tense; 1st, first person; 2d, second person; 3d, third person; comp., compound.

EXPLANATION.-The brackets [] indicate the position of an

ellipsis.

THE PARSER'S MANUAL.

ARTICLE I.

INFINITIVES USED AS NOUNS.

Section 1.

An infinitive may be used as a noun in the nominative case, and be the subject of a proposition.

EXAMPLES.

1. To err is human (a). 2. To forgive is divine. 3. To see the sun is pleasant. 4. To break a promise is dishonorable. 5. To lie is a sin (b). 6. To steal is a crime. 7. To love our enemies is a Christian duty (c). 8. To do unto others as we would that they should do unto us is the golden rule. 9. To be ridiculed is unpleasant.

MODELS FOR PARSING.

(a) To err is a verb, regular, intransitive, infinitive, present. It is here used as a noun of the neuter gender, third person, singular number, nominative case, and subject of the verb is.-Rule VIII.

Is is a verb, irregular, intransitive, indicative, present, third person, and singular number, to agree with its subject to err.-Rule IX.