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the dignity of this noble Science, and for putting those Laws into execution, by punishing all abuses and disorders happening by any of your fociety within this Honor; for which end you have a Governor appointed you, by the name of a King, who has several officers under him, to see the execution of the feveral Laws and cuftoms, belonging to this ancient community.

ift. Gentlemen, you are to inquire into the behaviour of the several Minstrels, within this Honor, fince the last Court.

2d. Whether any of them have abufed, or difparaged their honourable profeffion, by drunkenness, profane curfing and fwearing, finging lewd and obfcene Songs, playing to any company or Meetings, on the Lord's day, or by any other vice, or immorality, or by intruding into any company, unfent for, or by playing for any mean or disgraceful reward?

3d. Whether any of the Minstrels within this Honor, that should be the known masters of concord and harmony, have been themselves guilty of any brawls, quarrels, or diforders?

4th. Whether the Minstrels within this Honor have been decent in their apparel, and skilful in their art, and respectful to their fupreme, the King of the Minstrelly? Whether their last year's officers of the Minstrelfy have well performed the duty of their respective offices?

5th. Whether any Minstrels, that owe Suit and Service to this Court, have appeared, and done their Suit ? 6th. Whether any Minstrels have exercised their Art within this Honor, not being allowed, and inrolled in this Court? And if you find any Minstrels within this Honor, to have offended in any of these particulars, you are to prefent them.

And, in the laft place, Gentlemen, it must be recommended to you, that you chufe Skilful, and Good Men to be Officers of the Minstrelly for the enfuing year. The King is to be chofen out of the four Stewards of the preceding year, one year out of Staffordshire, another year out of Derbyshire, interchangeably; and the four Stewards, two out of Stafford fhire, and two out of Derbyshire; three of them to be chofen by you, and the fourth, by the Steward of this Court, and the Bailiff to the Earl of Devon'.

The original Charter granted at Tutbury, in Staffordshire, to the King of the Minstrels, by John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, is dated the 22d of August, 1380, in the fourth year of the reign of fweet Richard the Second, and intitled, Charta le Roy de Miniftralx, which was written inold French; fee Dugdale's Monafticon Anglicanum, Tom I. p. 355, and Tom II. p. 873, 2d edition; and partly tranflated in Plot's Hiftory of Staffordshire, Chapter the Xth, 69, 70, &c. and in Blount's Ancient Tenures, by Beckwith, p. 303, &c. with a further account of the manner of electing the King of the Minstrels, and his Officers. Likewise, in all probability, there must be more information on this fubject, to be found among the ancient records, in the Dutchy Court of Lancaster, London; and in the poffeffion of the prefent Duke of Devonshire, lord of Tutbury. I must not omit to mention a remarkable anecdote of the origin of the Minstrel Jurifdiction, in Cheshire, which happened about the year 1214; and perhaps, the earliest instance of the kind among the English. Ranulph Bowen Blaendavat, or Blundeville, the fixth earl of Chester, who is faid to have atchieved several military enterprises against Llewelyn ab Iorwerth, Prince of Wales, but one time meeting with the faid Prince, and being fenfible of his inability to withstand him, was obliged to retire for refuge into the castle of Rhuddlan, in Flintshire, wherein Llewelyn befieged him in confequence of this, he fent expreffes with the utmost privacy to his General, Roger Lacy, conftable of Chester, and earnestly desiring his immediate relief. Thefe expreffes found Lacy at Chester, during the anniversary of the Midfummer Fair; and, as the occafion was critically urgent, from the imminent peril of the earl's life, the General immediately marched with a tumultuous croud of Players, Muficians, and all the perfons he could poffibly affemble; of whom great numbers had been tempted to Chester, by the celebration of this festal anniversary. Llewelyn, The fteward who prefided at the court of the Minstrels at | dential character of that officer, and his facility of access to the Tutbury, in Mr. Blount's time, was the Duke of Ormond, and King at all hours, and on all occafions. Warton's Hiftory of Mr. Edward Foden his deputy. The earl of Devon was then Prior. English Poetry, Vol. II. pp. 105, 134, &c. The diftricts of the Honor of Tutbury, under the King of the Minfrels, anciently comprehended the counties of Stafford, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, and Warwick; and all the Muficians within thofe counties paid their fuit, and fervice to the King of the Minstrels. Blount's Ancient Tenures of Land, by Beckweth, pp. 3c9, 311, &c. ed. 1784.

In the reign of Edward the Fourth a ferjeant of the king's Minstrels occurs; and in a manner, which fhews the confi

:

The Chefbire Minstrel meeting was discontinued in 1758; and Tutbury in the year 1778. Shakespeare flourished about the year 1610; Playford about 1670; Dr. Derham, and Boyle about 1680; who are all mentioned in the above Charge to the Mingrels; therefore, it must have been delivered fome time afterwards.

This Ranulphtook the name of Blaendaval from being born in Powis, at Album Monafterium, near the town of Oswestry.

alarmed

113

OF THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE HARP AMONG THE WELSH, &c.

alarmed at the approach of this vast multitude, raised the fiege with precipitation; by this means the earl Ranulph effected his escape in triumph; and the effufions of his gratitude formed his first acts of lovereignty, by rewarding Lacy with an exclusive prerogative over those particlar trades, and mysteries, which had been exercised by thofe fortunate and fignal inftruments of his royal prefervation. The conftable's fon, John Lacy, referved his exclufive privilege over fome of those mechanic occupations, but granted the Minstrel prerogative to Hugh Dutton, of Dutton', and his heirs; the fon of that Ralph Dutton, who is supposed to have particularly marched at the head of the band of Minstrels. Thus configning the rule and jurisdiction over this Minstrel profeffion to that family, whofe ancestor had fo valiantly commanded them, in the capacity of a body of victorious foldiers 2.

It may be neceffary to add one thing more on the subject, which I ought to have mentioned before. The Welsh term for the Harp is TELYN 3, which is not only of very high antiquity, but its etymology indicates, that it was applied to the firft ftringed instrument, for, it means a thing stretched, or on the stretch; a name which could not, with any propriety, be applied to any one particular instrument, if there were a variety of them when it was fo applied. The root of TELYN is Tél, i. e. what is ftraight, even, or drawn tight; whence also ANNEL, a ftretch, a tenfion, a prop, a springe; and ANNELU, to ftretch, to bend a bow, to take aim. Hence it is very evident, that the name TEL YN is coeval with the knowledge of a ftringed inftrument amongst the CYMBRI; and it followed, as a matter of courfe, that all the varieties invented in after-time must have some other appropriate appellation. The antiquity of the word TELYN is fingularly corroborated by the circumstance of the coast of France, where Toulon is fituated, being anciently called the promontory of Cithariftes, and the town itself Telo Martius.

The Anglo-Saxon name for Telyn is peanp, or papp, which is ufed through both the Teutonic and Roman dialects; and, I believe, the earliest mention of it under that name is by Venantius, about the year 600. In a manuscript of about the seventh century, in the monastery of St. Blafius, quoted by Gerbertus, prince Abbot of that monastery, there is a representation of a Harp, intitled Githara Anglica, which is precisely the fame shape as the present Harps, only more fimple, and with a fewer number of ftrings. We find Harps fculptured, both in stone and in wood, on feveral of the most ancient Cathedrals in England and Wales ; and drawn in old miffals, and illuminated manuscripts.

• The mansion and lordship of Dutton, in Cheshire, are now the property of Mrs. Bullock, wife of John Bullock, efq. of Falkborne-hall, and reprefentative of the borough of Maldon, in Effex.

See more on the fubject in Lhwyd's Hiftory of Wales, by Darydd Powel, edition of 154, pages 296, 270. Sir Peter Leicester's Antiquities of Chethire, Part II. Chap. VI. p. 141, &c. ; and particularly in King's Vale Royal of England illuftra ted, Part II. p. 29.Doomfday Book, Gloucestershire, Berdic, Joculator Regis, habet iii villas et ibi V car. nil redd. See Anftis, Ord Gart. ii. 304. Jofeph Keebles Statutes at large, 39 Elizabeth, Chap. IV. §.2.10.-Stat. 43 Eliz. Chap. IX.-Stat. 4 Henry IV. Cap. XXVII.--Stat. 1 Jac. I. Cap. XXV. 20.-Walter Heming's Chronicle, Chap. XXXV. p. 591.-Hawkins's Hift. of Mufic, Vol. II. pp. 43, 54, 61, 64, 106, 290, 296, &c. Vol. III. p. 479, &c. Vol. IV. pp. 265, 277, &c.-Burney's Hift. of Mufic, Vol. II. pp. 268, 367, &c.-Stow's Survey of London continued by Strype.-The Account of Queen Elizabeth's Entertainment at Killingworth Cafle, Warwickshire, &c.-And Warton's Hift. of English Poetry, Vol. II. p. 105.

3 Telyn is mentioned by Taliefin about 540; fee p. 100.Alfo, in King Howel's Laws, as early as the year 914, and probably much earlier, (because thofe laws were only collected, and part written at that period, by Blegabred ;) which statutes were fince published under the title of Leges Wallica; pp. 70, 162, 266, 267, and 415, of that book; and pp. 94, 97 of this work.

Likewife, there is a township in Montgomeryshire, called Tre'r Delyn; and another place near Llancarmon, in Glamorganfhire, called Gae'r Delyn, or Llan Caer Delyn.

Two Englynion to folicit a Harp-key: Fforch gogwrn cildwrn coel-dant, chwip dyllwir Chwap dwyllwr y mwyndant ;

Rheolwr tendiwr tyndant,

Cu arv têg cywirva tant.

Cupplysforch aurdorch irdeg, cu rowndorch

Cyreindeb bleth landeg;

Cain irdorch canu aurdeg,

Cywreinforch yn deirfforch deg.

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''Johnson's Dictionary.

Venantius Fortunatus, Lib. 7. Carm. 8.-Alfo, fee pp. 90, and 94, of this work.

9 Gerbertus, De Mufica Sacra, Tom. II. in Calcem.

10 There is a Harp carved on the entrance into the Chapterhoufe of Wellminfier-Abbey; another in the groin of the roof, over one of the North doors of the Abbey; and another in the Eaft cloifter, over the door of the record-office, of the Abbey. Another on one of the capitals of the columns in the French church at Canterbury, fuppofed to be about the year gco; Antiquarian Repertory, Vol. I. p. 57: There are two Harps carved on the outfide of the door of the South ifle of the nave of Ely cathedral, and on the under-part of the feats of the choir of that cathedral: which latter was erected in the year 1328. And, on the front of Litchfield cathedral, there is a ftatue of King David playing on the Harp. Alfo, there are all forts of ancient mufical inftruments faithfully delineated in Carter's Specimens of Ancient Sculpture and Painting, Numbers 12, 13, 25, &c.-On the Staffordshire Clogg, or Ancient perpetual Almanack, there are hieroglyphics to exprefs the festival days; from the first of March a Harp is the fymbol, fhewing the feast of St. David, who used to praise God on that inftrument.-Plot's Hiftory of Staffordshire, Chap. X. pp. 420, 429,

&c.

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The Cruth is the fecond in rank of the Welsh mufical inftruments: its antiquity is fuch among the ancient Britons, that there is 'every reason to believe it to be the prototype of the Violin, and all the fidicinal inftruments. The Cruth is fo called from its protuberant, or bellying form, whence it is also a term for a box, or trunk; as Crwth halen, a falt-box. The found of the Crwth is very melodious, and was frequently used as a tenor accompaniment to the Harp; but is now become extremely rare in Wales.

Pibau i'r trydydd: ne wyntau pan vont meiri a ddylyant eu gadaw i'w Harglwydd." Leges Wallica, pp. 69 and 70.

"Every chief Bard, to whom the prince fhall grant an of fice, the prince fhall provide him an inftrument; a Harp to one, a Crwth to another, and Pipes to the third; and when they die, the inftruments ought to revert to the prince." "Wythved yw y Bardd Teulu : Telyn a gaiff gan y Brenin, a modrwy aur gau y Vrenines pan rodder ei fwydd iddo, y Delyn ni ad byth igantho, nac ar werth nac yn rhâd, tra vó byw." Wallicæ, pp. 35, 37. Leges

After all the moft diligent investigation into Greek, Roman, and other antiquities, the only thing that ever I met with, which had any fimilitude of form with our Harp, (the Hebrew excepted, which I have already mentioned,) was in a folio book intitled, Ser Turchische Schau-plak, &c. (or a Series of Prints, faid to have been drawn from natural Turkifh figures,) en graved by Melchior Lorick de Flensbourg, printed at Hamburg, A. D. 1685, and plate 86, where there is a Harffenfpielerin, or female Harpist delineated, playing on a kind of Harp; the body of which inftrument is exactly the shape of an Indian canoe fet up an-end, and continued by a bar, nearly in a hori. "The eighth officer of the household is the Family Bard, zontal pofition on one fide of the bottom of it; which both who fhould have his Harp from the king, and a gold ring together form an angle, (fomewhat of the figure of a fhort-from the queen, when initiated into his office; the Harp he footed feythe with its blade upwards,) and filled with ftrings is not to part with, neither by fale, or gift, as long as he lives." which are screwed into the bottom bar. The upright body, or And, fee the preceding page 94.boat-like curve of this inftrument, must have been made of very pliant wood, and perhaps the only poffible way it could have been formed to fuftain the great tenfion of the ftrings without a pillar. The figure of this Harp appears fo extremely fimple, that one is rather led to believe there was fuch an inftrument, and not altogether fancy. Likewife, I have feen an illuminated Eaft-India drawing, where there was an Angel, or a Cupid, playing on a fimilar kind of Harp, formed fomewhat of the fhape of a lizard. Notwithstanding the poffible existence of this inftrument, after all the diligent enquiries which I have been able to make refpecting it, I am informed,, from good authority, by Gentlemen who have travelled over thofe countries, that no fuch an inftrument is now used either in Turkey, Perfia, or India; therefore, fince it is not to be found in thofe regions at prefent, it ftill remains a doubt, whether it ever exifted, and originated only from the imaginations of the draughtsmen.

The Coromantee negroes of the gold coaft, in Africa, play upon a mufical inftrument called the Bentwo, which is fomething in the form of an archer's bow, and made of a piece of hoop of about three-quarters of a yard long, and ftrung with two strings.

yn

"Tri gwyfyl ni ddygwydd yn benvaddeu: Telyn, a Phacol, a Phlu. Os rhoddai dyn o'i vôdd un o'r tri hyny i vôd eve a ddygwydd val gwyfyl arall, canys eve ei hun a lygrwys ei benvadder, vraint, pan y gwyftlodd." Leges Wallica, p. 355.

i. e. "The three pledges that fhall not be parted with; a Harp, a Bowl, and Feathers. If a man fhall wilfully give either of thefe three to be conditional, it fhall go like another pledge, but without redemption; for, it is he himself that has difgraced his privilege in pledging them."-Giraldus Cambrenfis's Topography of Ireland, Chap. XI. and Hawkins's Hift. of Mufic. Vol. III.

There is a basso relievo, of an angel playing on the Crwth, carved on the upper part of the feats of the choir of Worcester cathedral, which was built by King Edgar in the year 957See Carter's Specimen of Ancient Sculpture and Painting, No. 13. Alfo, I am informed there is the figure of the Crwth among the outside ornaments of the abbey of Melrofs, in Scotland, which was built in the time of Edward the Second..

The Cruth, or Crota, was invented by the Britons (for,
by fome of the poets it is called Crota Britanna,) which is
commonly termed violin. Croth, or Crwth, by the Britons,
fignifies the calf of the leg, the womb or belly; as also by the
Syrians (Crath,) and by the Grecians Kewoods, fignifies
the womb, or a water-veffel. Baxter's Gloffarium Antiquitatum
Britannicorum, p. 92. And, Richard's Web Dictionary.-
3 In praise of the Crwth:

"Aur-lais gwîn dyvais gan-dant, ar wiw grwth
"Gwir iaith pencerdd moliant ;
"Gavael grib chwimmwth ei chwant,

"Cry' athrylith Crwtb Rolant." Margaret Davies, o'r Goedcae-du. Alfo, Rhys Grythor, who flourished about 1580, was esteema good performer on this inftrument. And John Morgan, of Newburgh, in Anglefey, who lived about the end of the laft century, was one of the laft good performers on the Crwth. See likewife pp. 38, 49, &c.

Refpecting the Theban Harp, which was communicated by Mr. Bruce to Dr. Burney, and faid to have been drawn from an ancient painting in one of the fepulchral grottos of the first kings of Thebes: On this inftrument Dr. Burney makes the following judicious obfervations: "The number of frings, the fize and form, and the elegance of its ornaments, awaken reflections, which to indulge, would lead us too far from our purpose, and indeed out of our depth. The mind is wholly loft in the immenfe antiquity of the painting in which it is reprefented. Indeed the time when it was executed is fo re-ed mote as to encourage a belief, that arts, after having been brought to great perfection, were again loft, and again invented, long after this period." If one may offer a conjecture, after to judicious a critic as Dr. Burney, we have great reafon to doubt the authenticity of the Theban Harp. In the first place, its antiquity, ornaments, and elegance, are fufpected; and particularly the want of a pillar to fupport the comb of it, which could not easily be contrived to withstand the tenfion of the ftrings, even if it was made of mettle, and with that lightness with which it is defcribed. In the next place,it is delineated as if it was made to ftand without fupport in an equilibrium manner, which certainly is a very recent invention, even fo late as when the pedals were added to the Harp; that is, about 40 years ago.

The Cruth is corrupted to Crowd in English; and a player upon it was called a Crowther, or Crowder, and fo alfo is a common fiddler to this day; and hence, undoubtedly, is derived the common furname of Crowther, or Crowder. Butler, with his usual humour, has characterized a common fiddler and given him the name of Crowdero, in the following paffage. "I, th' head of all this warlike rabble, "Crowdero march'd, expert and able. "Inftead of trumpet and of drum, “That makes the warrior's stomach come, "Whose noise whets valour strong." &c.

However, fince I publifhed the former edition of this volume, it has fince been ascertained, that Mr. Bruce has taken an unlicenced liberty in ornamenting, and altering the origi. nal defign of the faid Theban Harp; which now appears to be the rude, and fimple, when compared with his drawing; fee Voyage dan la Baffe et la Haute Egypte, par vivant Denon ; printed at Paris, 1802; plate 135, Nos. 26, 29, 30, and 31; alfo may be feen in other works, publifhed by our own countrymen. * Romanufque Lyra, plaudat tibi, Barbarus Harpa, Gracus Achilliacá, Crota Britanna canat.

Venantius Fortunatus, Lib. VII. Carm. 8. "Pôb pencedd o'r a eftynno Arglwydd fwydd iddo, yr Arglwydd ddyly geifiaw iddo Offer, nid amgen, Telyn i ún, Crwth i un arall,

Hud. Part I. Canto II. v. 105. Alfo, Dr. Johnfon, in his Dictionary, derives the fiddle from Crath.

"Hark, how the Minstrels 'gin to fhrill aloud
"Their merry mufic that refounds from far;
"The Pipe, the Tabor, and the trembling Croud,
"That well agree with outen breach or jar.”

"His Fiddle, is your proper purchase, "Won in the fervice of the churches; "And by your doom must be allow'd "To be, or be no more, a Crowd." Gg

Spencer's Epithé

Hudibras.
Dyva.

115

OF THE CRWTH, AND OTHER MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE WELSH.

Dyvaliad Cruth, yn ol Gruffydd Davydd ab Howel:

Prennol tég bwa a gwregis,
Pont a brán, punt yw ei bris ;
A thalaith ar waith olwyn,
A'r bwa ar draws byr ei drwyn,
Ac o'i ganol mae dolen,

A gwàr hwn megis gwr bên ;
Ac ar ei vreft gywair vrig,
O'r Mafarn vo geir Miwfig.
Chwe yfpigod o's codwn,
A dynna holl dannau hwn;
Chwe' thant a gaed o vantais,
Ac yn y llaw yn gan llais ;
Tant i bob bys yfbys oedd,

A dau-dant i'r vawd ydoedd.

A delineation of the Crwth, by Gruffydd ab Davydd ab Howel: (The original oppofite, is very descriptive, and feems to be a production of the 15th century.)

A fair coffer, with a bow, a girdle,

a finger-board, and a bridge; its value is a pound;
it has a frontlet formed like a wheel,
with the fhort-nofed bow across;

in its centre are the circled found holes,

and the bulging of its back is fomewhat like an old man;

but on its breast harmony reigns:

from the fycamore melodious mufic is obtained.

Six pegs, if we fcrew them,

will tighten all its chords;

fix advantageous ftrings are found,

which in a skilful hand produces a hundred founds:

a ftring for every finger is diftinctly feen,

and alfo two strings for the thumb.

The length of the Crwth is 20 inches, its breadth at bottom 9; towards the top it tapers to 8 inches. Its thickness is 1 and the finger-board measures 16 inches in length. This inftrument is much more extensive in its compafs than the violin, and capable of great perfection, therefore, deferves to be confidered. It has fix ftrings, viz.

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The ftrings of the Cruth explained, and the ufual method of tuning them':

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The two lower strings of the Crwth are often struck with the thumb of the left hand, and serve as a bass accompaniment to the notes founded with the bow; something in the manner of the Baritan. The bridge of this inftrument differs from that of the Violin, in being lefs of a convex at the top, a circumftance from which it is to be inferred that two or three ftrings are to be founded at the fame time, fo as to afford a fucceffion of concords. The bridge is not placed at right angles with the fides of the Crwth, but in an oblique direction; and, which is farther to be remarked, one of the feet of the bridge ferves also for a found-poft; it goes through one of the sound-holes, which are circular, and rests on the infide of the back; the other foot, which is proportionably shorter, refts on the belly near the other found hole; which the reader will observe, on casting his eye on the delineation of it in the trophy, at bottom of page 89.

The following manner of tuning the Crwth was copied from a manufcript of the late Mr. Lewis Morris: "I modd i gyweirio Crwth:

According to a tranfcript from an old Welfh manuscript in Sir John Sebright's library, which mentions a clue that might lead one to find out the ancient notes of the Crath; it tells me, "that one finger of the Crowder keeps 3 keys, viz. "In gyntav codwch y Crafdant (1) cyvuwch ag y gellir heb Ifgowair, Craf-gowair, and Lleddv-gowair: and that his indicial ei dorri; yno codwch y Cyweirdant (50) bump not yn is; a chodwch finger keeps the Go-rowair, and Bragod-gowair." This hint y 6d wyth nôt yn is na'r Cyweirdant; ac yno gellir ei alw yn might help a zealous inveftigator of antiquity to unravel the vwrdon neu 'n vas iddo; cyweiriwch yr ail dant (28) wyth not yn myftery; but unfortunately I have been deprived of mys na'r cyntav, ac ve vydd ynteu yn vyrdon i'r cyntav; a chyweirancient Grwth by a fire, as well as other irreparable lofs of manufcripts, &c.

iwch y trydydd tant (3°), bump nôt yn i's na'r cyweirdant ; yno codwch y llorudant (4d) wyth nôs yn uwch, oc velly ve vydd y 34 yn vyrdôn i'r 48, ar Crwth yn ei gywair naturiol.”

There

There was likewise the Crwth Trithant, or Three-ftringed Cruth, which was a fort of Violin, or more properly a Rebeck ;' see the mufical trophy: the performers, or Minstrels of this inftrument were not held in the fame estimation and refpect, as the Bards of the Harp, and Crêth; 'because the three-ftringed Crith did not admit of equal skill and harmony, and confequently its power was lefs fenfibly felt: fee more in the preceding pages 33 and 85.

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The Pib-gorn', or Hornpipe, is fo called, because both extremities are made of horn. In blowing, the wind paffes through it, and founds the tongue of a reed concealed within. It has feven holes, befides the aperture, and measures about 19 inches in length. Its tone is a medium between the flute and the clarinet, and is remarkable for its melody. This inftrument of peace, or rural Pipe, is now peculiar to the Isle of Anglefey, where it is played by the fhepherds, and tends greatly to enhance the innocent delight of paftoral life. A species of a country dance, termed Hornpipe, originally derived its name from the horn-pipe, by being commonly danced to this inftrument. Alfo, there is a fort of Pipe used in fome parts of South Wales called Cornicyll, (from Cornig, a diminutive of Corn,) which has a concealed reed on the fame principle as the above, and the mouth-piece screws off in order to introduce it; in other respects, this inftrument is made like a common clarinet.

The Pibau, or Bagpipes, I have omitted to mention at the beginning of this differtation, which evidently appears to have been a common inftrument among the old Britons at a very early period, and is recorded in King Howel's Laws, about the year 9422: and Morvydd's pipes are mentioned as early as the feventh century; see the preceding page 26. Likewise, according to Giraldus Cambrenfis 3, in the year 1187, it appears, that neither the Irish, nor their descendants the Scots, had the Pipes at that period *. A praisepoem on the warrior, Sir Howel y Vwyall, written by the Bard, Iolo Gôch, about the year 1400, contains the following couplet :

"A cherdd Chwibanogla Chód, "Gwawr boenus, a gwr hynod."

With the mufic of the Bag-pipes,
enliven❜d by the prefence of a noted Hero.

Afterwards, it seems that the Irish had the pipes, which they used as an incentive to valour; see p. 98. The Bagpipe was formerly a pastoral inftrument in England; and Shakespear, who is faithful in national customs, mentions the drone of a Lincolnshire Bag-pipe: alfo, Spencer, and others, mention it. But, in the

1 The Pib-gorn, or Hornpipe, was formerly a common inftrument in Cornwall, as well as in Wales, which is evident by the following paffages from Chancer:

"Controue he would, and foule faile
"With Hornpipes of Cornwaile.
"In Flutes made he difcordance,
And in his mufick with mifchance
"He would feine." &c.

Romaunt of the Rofe, fo. 135, ed. 1561.
"Merry Michael, the Cornish poet, piped thus upon his
baten pipe for merry England." Camden,

The mufical inftruments ufed by fhepherds were at first made of oat and wheat ftalks; then of reeds, and of the eldertree; afterwards of the leg.bones of cranes, and horns and bones of animals; and, of late years, pipes and flutes are excavated of the box-tree, plumb-tree, cherry-tree, &c.

There is a fort of flute called the English ftute, Fifula dulcis, feu Anglica, or the beaked flute. Merfennus fays, that fome of thefe Hutes were a present from England to one of the kings of France, therefore were alfo called Fiftulas regias, or royal flutes. The Recorder feems to have been the fame as the Flagelet, Fife, or Helvetian Flute with feven holes, including the blowing aperture; likewife, there is a pipe with only three holes, which is the affociate of the Tabor. Merfennus mentions John Price, who was a famous performer on these inftruments.

ingale; and to wear the spotted skin of a lynx. Pan's Syringa was compofed of feven reeds, unequal in length, of different. tones, and joined together with wax. Theocritus indeed mentions a pipe confifting of nine reeds, but feven was the usual number. Nec te pæniteat calamo triviffe labellum." Virgil, Ecl. II. 31. 36. Pindar Pyth. Ode XII.-Lucret. Lib. V.-And fee the preceding page 97, which appears evident that the Ro mans acquired their mufical iultruments from the Greeks, and the Greek had theirs from the Hebrews.

2

Leges Wallica, p. 70; and the preceding page 85 of this book; and note in p. 114.

Giraldus's Topography of Ireland, chap. XI.-And
pages 35 and 95 of this work. In the most ancient account of
this inftrument among the Welsh, it is called Pibau, (Fiftulas,)
or Pipes :-Leges Wallica, p. 70. Therefore, we have reafon
to believe that the Britons blew it with the mouth, instead of
the bellows, like the Irish pipes; (fee Staniburfti Dublinienfis de
Rebus Hibernia Geftis, p. 38, &c.) nor did they ufe the drone as
the Scots do, until a later period. A poet of the fifteenth
century, in an Englyn on a piper, describes it thus :
"Garw lais o clywais nid clôd, i Bibydd,
"Ar babi brat gofod.

" Gerwin ynglev, gryn anglod,
"Gwydd gam yn gweiddi o'i Gôd.".

✦ See 95, and the notes in p. 114.

of

The first part of Henry the Fourth; and the Merchant Venice, Act IV. fc. 1.

6

Pan was esteemed, by the ancient Greeks, to be the God of fhepherds, and to prefide over rural affairs. He is faid to Shepherd's Calendar.-Fairy Queen, Book VI. Chap. make fine melody with reeds, to fing as fweet as a night- 10, s. 18.--And Evans's Old Ballads, V. I. No. 3.

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