APPROPRIATE (in Law) fignifies a church or benefice, the patronage of which is zanexed to fome church dignity, fo that the parfon receives the tithes. APPROPRIATENESS (of approprier, Fappropriatum, L.) fitness for some other thing, Se. APPROPRIATION, is the appointing a thing to a particular ufe. In an Ecclefiaftical fenic it is applying the benefice of a church to the proper and perpetual use of some religious community. It is where the advowson of a parfonage belongs to a bishoprick or religious houfe, college, and their fucceffors, fo that the body is both patron and parfon, and fume one of their members officiate as vicar. These appropriations were introduced in the time of William the conqueror: the Parochial clergy being then generally Saxons, and the bihops and temporal clergy Normans, they made no fcruple to impoverish the inferior clergy to enrich the monafteries, which were generally poffeffed by the friends of the con queror, Where the churches and tithes were so appropriated, the vicar had only fuch a competency as the bishop or his fuperior thought fit to allow. APPROVABLE (of approuver, F. approbare, L.) that may be approved. APPROVEMENT (approveamentum,Law, L.) is a fed for improvement by ancient writers. APPROXIMATION, á coming or putting near to, L. APPUI (with Horsemen is the ftay upon the horseman's hand, or the reciprocal fenfe between the horses mouth and the bridle hand; or the horse's fenfe of the action of the bridle in the horfeman's hand A full APPUI (in Horfeminbip) is a firm fa without refting very heavy, and without bearing upon the horfeman's hand. AQUA (Latin) a word fignifying water ; and very much ufed in chymical writings AQUEDUCT (aquæductus, L.) a conveyance made for carrying water from one place to another; made on uneven ground, to preferve the level of the water, and convey it by a canal. Some aqueducts are under ground, and others above it supported by arches. The conftellation AQUARIUS has two obfcure stars on the head, one great one on each fhoulder, one on each elbow, one bright one on the extreme part of his right hand, one on each pap, one on the left hip, one on each knee, upon his right leg one; in all feventeen. The pouring out of water is on the let hand. It has thirty ftars, of which two are bright, the rest obscure. AQUALITIES (in Botany) fuch plants as grow in water. AQUEO' MERCURIAL, water and mer cury, A'QUEOUS Ducts (Anatomy) certain ducts whereby the aqueous humour is supposed to be conveyed into the infide of the membranes which inclose that liquor. A'QUEOUSNESS 2 (of aquofitas, L.) AQUOSE NESS water:thness. AQUILA (Aftronomy) the eagle, a conftellation confifting of 70 ftars, according to the Britif catalogue. AQUOSITY (aquofitas, L.) waterishness. ARABESK (fo called from the Arabs, who ufe this kind of ornaments, their religion forbidding them to make any images or figures of men or animals) a term apply'd to fuch painting, ornaments of freezes, &c. which confifted wholly of imaginary fol ages, plants, ftalks, &c. without a y human or animal figures. ARAB'ICK (Arabicus, L.) belonging to the Arabians. A'RABISM, an idiom or manner of speakmore than full APPUI (with Horfe-ing, peculiar to the Arabs, or Arabians. me, a term they ufe of a horfe that is flopt with fome force, but ftill fo that he does not force the horfeman's hand. APRIL (of aperiendo, L. opening, because the pores of the earth are then opened) the fourth month from December. APT (aptus, L.) 1. Fit. 2. Having a tendency to. 3. Inclined to, led to. 4. Ready, quick; as an apt wit. 5. Qualified for. To APT (apro, L.) 1. To fuit, to adapt. 2. To fit, to qualify. To APIATE (aptatum, L.) to make fit. APTITUDE, (French). 1. Fitness. Tendency. 3. Difpofition. 2. APTLY (from apt) 1. Properly; with juft connection, or correfpondence; fitly. 2. July, pertinently. 3. Readily, accutely; as he learned his bufinefs very aptly. ARÆOMETER (of agaide, Gr. thin, and Merpv, measure, Gr.) an inftrument to measure the density or gravity of fluids. ARAIGNEE' (in Fortification) the branch, return, or gallery of a mine ARAY ARAYING rayment. (probably of arrayer, Old French) drefs, garb, ARBITRAL (arbitralis, L.) of or pertaining to an arbitrator or arbitration. ARBITRARILY (ex arbitrio, L.} after one's own will. ARBITRARINESS (of arbitrarius, L.) acting merely according to will and pleasure. ARBITRATOR (with Civilians) is underftood differently from an arbiter. An arbitrator being left wholly to act according to his own difcretion, without folemAPTNESS (from apt) 1. Fitness, fuitable-nity of procefs or course of judgment; wherenefs. 2. Difpofitio to any thing. 3. Quick- as an arbiter is obliged to act according to law nefs of apprehenfion; readiness to learn. 4. and equity. Tendency. ARBOR ARBOR (in Mechanicks) the principal part of a machine which serves to fuftain the reft; also a spindle or axis on which a machine turns, L. ARBOR Genealogica, i. e. the tree of confanguinity; is ufed to fignify a lineage drawn out under the form or refemblance of a root, ftock, branches, &c. AR'BORARY (arborarius, L.) belonging to trees. AR'BORETS, little arbours. Milt. ARBOREOUS (arborcus, L.) of, or like, or pertaining trees. ARCANUM Joviale (with Chymifis) is an amalgama made of equal parts of tin and mercury, powdered and digefted with good fpirit of nitre; the dry mals being powdered again after the spirit of nitre has been drawn off in a retort, and laftly digefted in spirit of wine, till the powder is become tasteless. ARC BOUTANT (of arc and bouter, F. To abut) in Architecture fignifies a flat arch abutting against the reigns of a vault in order to fupport it, and prevent its giving way. ARCH (probably of dexès, Gr.) arrant or notorious; as an arch-rogue, an arch-traytor, an areb-wag. ARCH-BISHOP (AXTION, Gr.) is the chief or metropolitan bishop of England, who has under him feveral fuffragan bishops. The title of arch-bishop was first introduced in the eaft about the year of Chrift 340, but was at that time only honorary, and was given to all bishops of great cities. England has only two arch-bishops, that of Canterbury and that of York, who are called Primates and Metropolitans. The bifhop of Canterbury had anciently jurisdiction over Ireland, and was filed a patriarch. He was dignified with fome fpecial token of royalty, as to be patron of the bishoprick of Rochester. To create knights, coin money, &c. He is fill accounted the first peer of England, and next to the royal family: having the precedence of the dukes, and all the great officers of the crown. By the common law of England he enjoys the power of the probate of wills and teftaments, and granting letters of adminiftration. And of granting licences and difpenfations in all cafes formerly fued for in the court of Rome, and not repugnant to the law of God. He holds feveral courts of judicature, as the court of arches and of audience, the prerogative court, and court of peculiars. The archbishop of York is invefted with the fame power in his province as the archbishop of Canterbury has in his: he has alfo the title to the fecond degree of peerage, and takes precedence of all dukes not of the blood royal; and all officers of ftate next to the lord chancellor. ARCH DEACON (Apxxidiaor®, of apxès and axové, to minifter or ferve, Gr.) a church officer whofe bufinefs is to vifit the parishes within a certain diftrict. It was originally given to the first or eldest deacon who attended on the bishop, but without any power; but fince the council of Nice, the function is become a dignity, and raised above that of prieft, tho' in the primitive times of chriftianity it was far otherwise. For in thofe times the archdeacon was the bishops chief minister in all external affairs, and particularly the temporalities. In the 10th century they began to be esteemed, as having jurisdiction in their own right, or else attach'd to their office, with a power of delegating it to others; but this being thought too much, their power was leffened by increafing their number. There are in England fixty Archdeacons, whofe office is every fecond year to vifit and enquire into the reparations and movables of churches, to reform abufes inecclefiaftical affairs, and to bring the more weighty affairs before the bishop. They have alfo a power to fufpend, excommunicate, and in many places to prove wills, and in fome places to inftitute to benefices. One branch of their office is, to induct all clerks into their benefices within their jurifdiction, and by the act of uniformity, they are now obliged to be in priefts orders. Many of them have their courts and offi. cials as bishops have. ARCHEOLOGY (Αρχιαλογία of ap xal, ancient, and Aoy, Gr. fpeech) the ancient way of fpeaking or writing; alfo a treatife of antiquity. ARCH'NESS, waggifhnefs, dexteroufnefs in management, craft, craftiness. ARCH CHAN'TER, the chief or president of the chanters of a church. ARCH CHYMICK, as arch chymick fun, the chief chymift the fun. Milton. ARCH DRUID, the chief or pontiff of the ancient Druids. An ARCH (of arcus, L. a bow) a bending in form of a bent bow. ARCH (in Aftronomy) as the diurnal arch. of the fun, is part of a circle parellel to the equator, which is defcribed by the fun in his courfe between rifing and setting. ARCH of Direction in Aftronomy) is an arch of the Zodiack, which a planet feems to pass over, when the motion of it is according to the order of the signs. ARCH of Retrogradation (in Aftronomy) is an arch of the Zodiack, defcribed while planet is retrograde, moving contrary to the order of the figns. ARCH of Vifion (Aftronomy) is the depth of the fun below the horizon, at which a ftar begins to rife again, which before was hid in his rays. Similar ARCHES (Geometry) are fuch as contain contain the fame number of degrees of unequal circles. Semicircular ARCHES (Architecture) are thofe which make an exact femicircle, and have their centre in the middle of the cord of the arch. Scheme ARCHES Arcbiecture) arches that are less than a femicircle, and of confequence are flatter, containing 90, 70 or 60 degrees. ARCHES of the third and fourth point (n Architecture) are fuch as confift of two arches of a circle ending in an angle at the top, and are drawn from the divifion of a chard into 3 or 4 parts at pleasure. Eliptical ARCHES (Archite&.) confift of a femi-elipfis, and have commonly a key one, and chaptrels or impofts, they were formerly much in ufe for mantle trees in chimneys. Strait ARCHES (Archite&ure) are arches, the upper and under edges of which are ftrait; as they are curved in others, and also thofe two edges parellel, and the ends and joints all painting to a centre; they are used over windows, doors, &c. ARCHE' ("Apx", Gr.) the beginning, an entrance. ARCHE (in Medicine) the beginning of a diffemper. ARCH'ED Legs (with Farriers, &c.) an imperfection in a horfe, when being in his natural pofition he has his legs bent forward, and the whole leg makes a kind of arch or bow. ARCHIAL'OGY (archialogia, L. of piahoyz, Gr.) a difcourfe or treatife of antiquities. ARCHIGRAPHY (archigraphia, L. of apysypasia, Gr.) fecretariship. ARCH-PRIOR, the mafter of the order of the knights templars. Naval ARCHITECTURE, an art that teaches the conftruction of fhips, galleys, and other floating veffels for the water; with ports, moles, docks, &c. on the shore. Counterfeit ARCHITECTURE, is that wherein the projectures are painted either with black or white, or coloured after the manner of marble; alfo called fcene work in the painting of columns, &c. that feem to ftand out in relievo, in theatres. ARCHITECTURE (in Perspective) a fort of building, the members of which are of different measures and modules, and diminish in proportion to their diftance, to make the buildings appear longer and larger to the view than it really is. "ARCHITRAVE (of dex, Gr. chief, and trabs, L. a beam) that part of a column or order of columns that is above or lies immediately upon the capital. It is the lowest member of the frize, and even of the whole entablature; it is fuppofed to reprefent the principlal beam in timber buildings. It is fometimes called the Reason-piece, as in por tico's, cloifters, &c. the Mafter-piece in chimneys, and Hyperthyron over the jambs of doors or lintels of windows. ARCHITRAVE Doors (with Architects) fuch as have an architrave on the jambs and over the door, upon the cup piece, if ftrait, or if the top be curved on the arch. ARCHITRAVE Windows (with Archites) are commonly an ogee raifed out of the folid timber, with a lift over it. ARCHIVAULT (archivolts, F.) the inner contour of an arch; or a frame fet off with mouldings, running over the faces of the arch ftones, and bearing upon the impofts. ARCUATILE (arculatilis, L.) bowed or bent. difficulty. AREA (with Gardeners) a bed or quarter in a garden. AREA (with Aftronomers) a circle about the moon and some stars, otherwise called Halo, L. AREA (in Fortification) the fuperficial content of any rampart or other work. To AREAD, to dedicate to, to inform, Milton. ARENA'CEOUS (arenaceus. L.) fandy, or like fand. ARE/NARY (arenarius, L.) of or belonging to fand or gravel. ARENA TION (with Phyficians) a fort of dry bath, when the patient fits with his feet upon hot fand. AREOMETER (of anp, the air, and géo, Gr. to measure) an inftrument ufually made of fine thin glafs, which having had as much running quickfilver put into it, as will ferve to keep it up-right, is fealed up at the top: fo that the ftem or neck being divided into degrees, the heaviness or lightness of any liquor may be found by the veffels finking more or less into it. ARETOLOGY (of desin, virtue, and Aéy, Gr. to difcourfe) that part of moral philofophy that treats of virtue, its nature, and means of arriving at it. ARGENT' (of argentum, L.) filver, F. AR'GENT alfo fignifies in a woman, chaftity; in a maid, virginity; in judges, juftice; and in the rich, humility. ARGENTATION, gilding, &c. with filver, L. ARGENTINUS (among the Romans) the deity of filver coin, ARGILLA' ARGILLA'CEOUS (argillaceus, L. ag, Gr.) of, or belonging to white clay." To ARGUE (arguo, L.) 1. To reafon, to offer reafons. 2. To perfuade by ment. 3. To difpute, with the particles with or against before the opponent, and against before the thing oppofed. extremity of aridity, or drynefs. Arbutb. or Aliments. AR'GUS, having a head full of eyes (Hieargu-roglyphically) reprefents, this great world, because the eyes of our creator are every where, and of all things do, as it were, take notice, and are witnefies of our behaviour. To ARGUE, 1. To prove any thing by argument. 2. To debate any queftion; as to argue a cause. 3. To prove, as an argument. 4. To charge with, as a crime; with of. To ARGUE a priori (with Locigians) is to prove effects by the caufes, L. To ARGUE a pofteriori (with Logicians) is to prove caufes by their effects, L. ARGUER (from argue) a reafoner, difputer, a controvertist. a 2. ARGUMENT (argumentum, L.) 1. A reafon alleged for or against any thing. The fubject of any difcourfe or writing. 3. The contents of any work fummed up by way of abftract. 4. A controverfy. 5. It has fometimes the particle to before the thing to be proved, but generally for. The belt moral argument to patience, in my opinion, is the advantage of patience itself. Tillotson. This, before revelation had enlightened the world, was the very best argument for a future ftate. Atterbury's Sermons. 6. in Aftronomy) an arch by which we feek another unknown arch, proportional to the firft. Chambers. ARGUMENT (with Painters, &c.) the perfons reprefented in a landfkip, in contradiction to the country or profpect. ARGUMENTAL (from argument) belonging to argument, reasoning. ARGUMENTATION (from argument) reasoning; the act of reafoning. Argumen tation is that operation of the mind, whereby we infer one propofition from two or more propofitions premifed. Or it is the drawing a conclufion, which before was unknown, or doubtful, from fome propofitions more known and evident; fo when we have judged that matter cannot think, and that the mind of man doth think, we conclude, that therefore the mind of man is not matter. Watts's Logick. ARGUMENTATIVE (from argument) confifting of argument, containing argument. ARGUMENTATIVENESS of mentari, L.) convincingness by way of argu. ment. ARGYRITIS (o dvyęítię, Gr.) the fcum or foam which rifes from filver or lead, that is mixt with filver in the refining furnace. ARGYROLY/THOS (of gyvúp:ov, filver, and xi, a stone) talk, a fort of mineral ftone. 1 ARGYROPEIA (of ἀργύριον, ahd ποιέω, Gr. to make the art of making filver. A'RIANISM, the principles and doctrines of Arius, a heretick in the beginning of the fourth century; he taught that Chrift or the fon, was not God confubstantial with the father; but the firft of created beings, &c. A'RIES, a ram, L. ARIES (in Aftronomy) the first fign of the zodiack, which the fun enters in the beginning of March; it is defcribed on globes by the figure of a ram, and is a conftellation of 19 ftars, and is commonly expreffed by this character v. To ARIETATE (of arietetum. L.) to push or butt like a ram. ARIGHT (from a and right) 1. Rightly, without mental error. 2. Rightly, without crime. 3. Rightly, without failing of the end defigned. To ARISE, arofe, arifen; from a and rife) 1. To mount upwards, as the Sun. 2. To get up, as from fleep, or from rest. 3. To come into view, as from obfcurity. 4. To revive from death. 5. To proceed, or have its original. 6. To enter upon a new ftation. 7. To commence hoftility. For the various fenfes of this word, fee rife. ARISTIFEROUS (ariflifer, L.) bearing ears of corn. ARISTOCRATICALNESS (of ariftocratique, F. ariftocraticus, L. of apicoxpalixòs, of apos the best, and xgal, dominion, Gr.) the being ariftocratical, or governed by the nobility. ARISTOTELIAN, of or pertaining to Ariftotle. ARISTOTE LIANISM, Ariftotle's phi argu-lofophy, or the dogma's and opinions of that philofopher, which are contained in his four books De Calo, and his eight books of Phyficks. ARISTOTELIANS, a fect of philofophers following Ariftotle; otherwife called Peripateticks. ARGUMENTATIVELY (of argumentum, L.) by way of argument. ARGUTATION (from arguo, L.) a proving by argument; a difputing for and against. ARGUTE (arguto, Ital. argutus, L.) 1. Subtile, witty, fharp. 2. Shrill. ARID (aridus, L.) dry, parched up. ARIDITY (from arid) 1. Drynefs. 2. Siccity. Salt taken in great quantities will reduce an animal body to the greatest ARITHMETICK (ars arithmetica, L. of a fuelian, Gr.) a fcience which teaches the art of counting by number, and fhews all the powers and properties of numbers, &c. Theorical ARITHMETICK, is the science of the properties, relations, &c. of numbers confidered abstractly, with the reafons and denominations of the feveral rules. Practical Praffical ARITHMETICK, is the art of computing; that is, from certain numbers given of finding certain others, whofe relation to the former is known. frumental ARITHMETICK, is that where the common rules are performed by the means of inftruments contrived for eafe and difpatch, as Nepiers Bones, &c. Logarithmetical ARITHMETICK, is that which is performed by tables of logarithms. Numerous ARITHMETICK, is that which gives the calculus of numbers, or indeterminate quantities, by the common numera! quantities. Specious ARITHMETICK, is that which gives the calculus of quantities, by ufing letters of the alphabet instead of figures. Decadal ARITHMETICK is that which, is performed by a series of ten characters, fo that the progreffion is from ten to ten. Dyadic ARITHMETICK, is that where only two figures 1 and o are used. Tetratie ARITHMETICK, is that wherein only the figures 1, 2, 3, are used. Valgar ARITHMETICK, is that which is converfant about integers and vulgar fractions. Sexagefimal ARITHMETICK, is that which proceeds by fixties, or the doctrine of fexagefimal fractions, Decimal ARITHMETICK, is the doctrine of decimal fractions. Political ARITHMETICK, is the apply ing of arithmetick to political fubjects, as the frength and revenues of kings, births, burials, the number of inhabitants, &c. ARITHMETICK of infinites, is the method of fumming up a feries of numbers, confifting of infinite terms, or of finding the ratio's thereof. ARM (eanm, eoɲm, Sax.) 1. The limb that reaches from the hand to the fhoulder. 2. The bough of a tree. 3. An inlet of water from the fea. 4. Power; might. In this fenfe is used the fecular arm, &c. To ARM (armo, L.) 1. To furnish with armour of defence, or weapons of offence. 2. To plate with any thing that may add ftrength. 3. To furnish; to fit up; as to arm a loadftone, is to cafe it with iron. To ARM, 1. To take arms. 2. To provide againft. ARMADA (Span. a fleet of war) an armament for fea; a fleet of war. It is frequently erroneously spelt armado. ARM (with Gardeners) is used for a branch, in fpeaking of cucumbers, melons, &c. To ARM (in the Manage) is faid of a horfe when he endeavours to defend himself against the bit, to prevent obeying or being checked by it. ARM (with Geographers) a branch of a fea or river. ARMAMENT (armamentum, L.) a force equipped for war; generally used of a naval force, ARMAMENTARY (armamentarium, L.) an armory, magazine, arfenal. ARMATURE (armatura, L.) armour, fomething to defend the body from hurt. ARMED (in Heraldry) is used in respect of beafts and birds of prey, when their teeth, horns, feet, beak, talons, or tufks, are of a different colour from the reft; as he bears a cock, or a falcon armed, Or. ARMENTAL (armentalis, or armenARMENTINE Stinus, L.) belonging to a drove or herd of cattle. ARMENTOSE (armentofus, L.) abounding with cattle. ARMIGEROUS (armiger, L.) a bearing arms or weapons. ARMILLAR (armillaris, L.) of or like a hoop or ring. ARMILLARY Sphere, is when the greater and leffer circles of the fphere being made of brafs, wood, pafte-board, &c. are put together in their natural order, and placed in a frame, fo as to reprefent the true pofition and motion of thofe circles. ARMILLATED (armillatus, L.) wearing bracelets. ARMIPOTENCE (armipotentia, L.) puisfance at arms. ARM'LET, a little arm, as of the sea, &c. two forts, ancient and modern. Volatile Salt ARMONIACK, is made by fubliming it with falt of tartar. Flowers of Sal ARMONIACK, are made of it with fea falt decrepitated. AR'MORIST (with Heralds) a perfon well fkilled in the knowledge of armory or coats of arms. Coat AR'MOUR, there being as it were, a kind of fympathy between the arms and the perfons to whom they belong, he who ufes or bears the arms of any perfon, that do not of right belong to him, feems to affront the perfon of the bearer. ARMOR defence, or that his fury o rage to (in Law) any thing that a man either wears for his he takes into his hand in ftrike or throw at another. The AR'MOURERS were incorporated in the beginning of the regin of Henry VI. the king himfelf being pleafed to be free of their company, their arms argent on a chevron gules, a gantlet between four fwords in faltire, on a chief fable a backler argent, charged with a crofs gules, betwixt two helmets of the firft. Their creft is a man demi-armed at all points, furmounting a torce |