in religious teaching, which has not improved, and is being crowded out by the many new regulations.

The Bodleian Library.-The late tercentenary of the foundation of the Oxford library by Sir Thomas Bodley recalls the destruction of the earlier one by the Reformers of Edward VI. The puerile order to destroy "all superstitious books" was carried out at Oxford so zealously that all illuminated missals and manuscripts were destroyed. Other books were, apparently, torn or stolen; and so the literary treasure-house of ancient Oxford was wrecked. The immediate effect of the Reformation on learning, here as elsewhere, was disastrous, as even its defenders now admit. Rather should we say with Dr. Starkie, the Resident Commissioner of Education, lecturing a couple of months ago at Belfast, that "the progress of education was crippled for three centuries by the Reformation."

ROME.

Pilgrimages.-There have been of late many very notable pilgrimages. That of the Austrian aristocracy, small as to numbers, was remarkable for the persons composing it; their names are amongst the most honored and historic in the empire. With this pilgrimage came Her Royal Highness, the Archduchess Maria Louisa Annunziata, sister of the Grand Duke of Tuscany.

The Spanish pilgrimage numbered about 900, including the Cardinal-Bishop of Barcelona, the Archbishop of Seville and the Bishops of Madrid and Vich. With it was the Infanta of Spain, Maria de la Paz, consort of Prince Louis of Bavaria. Her son, Prince Adelbert Alphonsus, and her cousin, Princess Clara, accompanied her. Several large cases of valuable gifts were presented to the Pope by the Spanish pilgrims, whose enthusiasm made them weep like children. From Vicenza came 1,000, including many representatives of works amongst the peasantry and workingmen. There were more than 100 banners, and representatives of 116 societies of workingmen. The Catholic youth of Vicenza figured prominently.

The Irish pilgrimage is mentioned in our Irish news. The Hungarians and Ruthenians came on the 27th of October. Many of the most prominent persons of Hungary and several members of Parliament were present. The Association of Hungarian Masters bore their millenary banner to have it blessed by the Pope. The enthusiasm and acclamations of the Hungarians and Ruthenians recalled the Spanish pilgrimage.

The New Head of the Work of Congresses.-Count Grosoli has been appointed General-President. He succeeds Count Paganuzzi,

who wished that his older methods would Count Grosoli is 59, and has been in good The growth of Socialism calls for all his talent

who has grown old, and give place to the new. works from his youth. and energy.

Election of Generals of Religious Orders.-On October 15 the General Chapter of the Carmelites elected Father Pius Mayer, PriorGeneral of the Order. Father Mayer is a native of Riedlingen in

Württemberg.

On October 17, the Congregation of the Salvatorians (Societas Divini Salvatoris) held in the Roman mother-house its first General Chapter. Delegates were present from Europe, Asia and from the three houses in the United States. The founder of the Congregation, Father Jordan, was re-elected General, this time for life. The German Catholic papers note with some pride that four religious orders or Congregations have at present Germans at their head : Father Frühwirth is General of the Dominicans, Father Bernard von Andermatt General of the Capuchins, Father Mayer of the Carmelites and Father Jordan of the Salvatorians. It is also a sign of the flourishing condition of the religious orders in this country and of the growth of American influence in Rome that Father Mayer lived for many years in the United States, where he held the offices of Provincial and CommissaryGeneral. Indeed, if we are rightly informed, he became a member of the Order in this country. Father Lauer, who died not long ago as General of the Friars Minor, and Father Krug who is Arch-Abbot of Monte Cassino, also lived and labored many years in the United States.

The Civiltà Cattolica on Trusts.-The Jesuit Review takes a broadminded view of the great "Industrial Syndicates." It considers them to be the natural outgrowth of American economical conditions; and if justly administered, not opposed to industrial progress, but capable of fostering it by development. Industrial competition, it points out, is not the necessary means nor the perfection of economic growth, but rather co-operation and the grouping of industries with the alliance of labor, capital and intelligence. Thus new industries are created, vastly improved machinery is possible, wealth may not only be increased, but more widely diffused, and the price of food and the cost of living be made less. The Civiltà supposes that this co-operative tendency of the age is likely to increase and overcome all the obstacles in its way.

IRELAND.

The Royal University.-The official lists published two or three weeks ago, showing the results of the autumn examinations of the

Royal University, taken with those of the July examinations, furnish a complete analysis of the honors lists of all the arts examinations of the University for the session 1901-2.

The Irish Daily Independent adds:

"The marked superiority of University College as a centre of higher education over even the most successful of the State-aided Queen's Colleges, that of Belfast, will be observed, but it must also be noted that if it were not for the zeal and self-sacrifice of the Very Rev. President of that institution, Dr. Delany, and of several of his colleagues in the Society of Jesus, there would be no such means of properly equipping Irish Catholic talent for the battle of life as that splendid college now supplies. The fruit of the early labors of the devoted and learned Jesuits who assisted him in the early days of the existence of University College has been the creation of a group of highly trained Catholic lay professors, the record of whose capacity as teachers is to be found in the figures now published.

"The success of University College proves in the most convincing manner the greatness and reality of the injustice under which Ireland suffers so long as the majority of her people are deprived of those advantages in the form of university teaching which are placed within the easy reach of the Catholics of almost every other civilized country in the world."

Total.

A Bishop on Injustice to Catholics.-Speaking to the Young Men's Society of Queenstown, the Bishop of Cloyne, urging the necessity of federation for the furtherance and protection of Catholic interests, gave the reasons as follows:

"Not only are Catholics debarred from employment, but even when employment is got, all chances of legitimate promotion are cut off in many of our public companies whose management is in the hands of narrow-minded and bigoted cliques, on whom the very name of our holy religion acts like the proverbial red rag on a bull. Even this is not enough, for do we not know of business houses managed on the same principles whose customers are for the most part Catholics?... Have we not business houses managed in the same way whose owners will employ a Papist to clean a yard or drive a van, but would look aghast if any such idolater aspired to enter his shop for any other purpose than to spend money? That such is the case is a matter o public notoriety, and the question naturally arises, shall we continue to bear this tamely, and in the true spirit of half slaves? Well, I should say not, if I am to judge from the reception given to the project for organization by our committee. We shall interfere with no man's religion; nor shall we interfere with any man's business because of his religion; but we trust to public opinion to aid us in an effort to reduce to zero the profits from Catholic sources of those who use their business to insult us and the Church we are proud to love."

The Irish Pilgrimage to Rome.-The Irish pilgrims were received. in audience by the Holy Father on the 25th of October. With the pilgrims were Cardinal Moran, Archbishop Riordan and Bishop MacSherry, of South Africa. Pope Leo was greeted with enthusiastic applause as he entered the hall of audience. He recalled, he said, the frequent proofs of loyalty which, during the course of his pontificate, he had received from Catholic Ireland. Going around the hall, His Holiness allowed the pilgrims to kiss his hands, and he received the many addresses sent by corporations, Catholic associations and the press. The benignity of the Pontiff made a deep impression on his warm-hearted spiritual children. The band of 500 pilgrims was, to a great extent, composed of representatives of the Irish party in Parliament, of the municipalities of the principal cities, of the officials of some sixty or seventy smaller cities and towns, of county councils and other administrative bodies, and of several newspapers. There were representatives also of the Workingmen's Association of Dublin, which contains 18,000 men, of the 4,000 members of Society of the St. Vincent de Paul in the same city, and of the Association of National Teachers.

The Beatification of Archbishop Plunkett.-The martyred Primate has been already declared Venerable, and the process of his beatification is being hastened by special dispensations, so that the final congregation appointed to investigate the cause may be held before the end of another year. The cause of other Irish martyrs of the dark days of religious persecution is as yet only in the preliminary stages.

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It will be necessary to prove, that, whatever was the pretext, death was inflicted on the Archbishop of Armagh on account of his religion. The proof seems to be entirely clear. During his trial in London in 1681, no secret was made of the fact that he was to be condemned on account of his faith and episcopal character. Just before his sentence was pronounced he was offered life and freedom if he apostatized. When he had "strenuously refused" to do so, the usual pretty sentence was uttered-that he be "hung by the neck," etc. They offered him the favor of a Protestant minister to console his last hours; but with unchanged urbanity" he answered that it was quite needless. As he was being dragged to Tyburn in the pleasant fashion of that reformed age, the great crowd were surprised at his bearing, "joyous and erect," and at "his incredible contempt of death." The sentence was devoutly carried out; he was "strangled with a rope," then quartered. The King, Charles II-who is said to have felt bad over the archbishop's execution--allowed the reunited mem. bers to be buried as the martyr had desired, with the bodies of five Jesuits, who had met death in a similar manner and for a like cause, four years previously. The head was afterwards transferred to Armagh, and placed in a convent over which the archbishop's niece was first superior.

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The Irish University Question.-The non-Catholic member of Parliament, Mr. T. W. Russell, addressing the Young Scots Society in Leith, said that there were two problems of greater urgency than home rule, namely, the land question and higher education. The latter is a grievance admitted by every English Premier for twentyfive years. Mr. Russell might have added that it is one of the greatest wrongs done to the Irish people, through which it is impossible for them to rise to equality with other nations. 'The education of the great mass of the people was banned by law," admits Mr. Russell; even primary education was banned up to "comparatively recent times." And "now that the children of the middle class and of the common people seek higher things, the facilities are denied them." "I say," continues Mr. Russell, "that this is no statesmanship; it is blind and foolish partisanship." "The case (of Catholic rights in the matter) is absolutely overwhelming." Dark, Protestant anti-Catholic