LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PART II The interior of Santa Sophia at Constantinople St. Benedict. In the margin a beggar with wooden leg and crutch The Cloisters, Gloucester Cathedral. Photograph by Mr. J. R. H. 258 269 271 Moslem architecture. The great mosque in Kairouan, North 277 279 Street scene in old Bagdad. Photograph by Mr. R. Gorbold Capture of Syracuse by Saracens in the ninth century. From the A tournament. From a carved ivory panel of the thirteenth century. 281 289 299 The Labourer in the Middle Ages. From reliefs on Notre-Dame in The castle of Carcassonne in France. Photograph by Lévy et A Pilgrimage. The Earl of Warwick embarking for the Holy The Knights of the Holy Spirit starting on Crusade, fourteenth The murder of Becket; from an ivory Auto-da-fé. From a painting of about 1500. Photograph by A friar preaching. From the Fitzwilliam Museum MS. 22 (fifteenth century). The western doorway of the Benedictine Abbey of Ripoll in Spain 333 337 The City Walls of Avila in Spain. Photograph by Mr. J. R. H. 341 343 The medieval craftsman. A Mason and a Carpenter proving their 349 A page of the Mainz Bible (c. 1455), reduced. Bodleian Library, 351 The age of the great Italian tyrants. Equestrian statue on tomb of 355 357 the Scaligers, the great family who ruled Verona. Photograph by Alinari Warfare in Italy. Part of a picture of an army besieging Florence, by the painter Vasari. Photograph by Alinari Country life in medieval England: Knocking down acorns for swine; treading grapes. Harrowing, sowing, and digging. Weeding and picking flowers (?). Barnard wood-carvings, Abington Hall, Northants. From photographs kindly lent by Professor F. P. Barnard . 361 A Medieval Siege. From a Flemish MS. made for Edward IV Fatehpur Sikri, Akbar's capital. The city is now uninhabited . 363 373 379 381 A Renascence schoolmaster and his pupils. A sculptured relief from Giotto's Campanile at Florence. Photograph by Alinari 385 The Loggia dei Lanzi at Florence, itself a fine example of Renascence architecture, and containing a marvellous collection of masterpieces of Renascence sculpture. Reproduced, by kind permission, from a photograph by Dr. M. J. Kendall One of the carved panels of the Gates of Paradise', by Lorenzo Ghiberti. Baptistery of St. John, Florence. Photograph by Anderson The Quadrant and the Astrolabe were the chief instruments of medieval navigation. An astrolabe of 1574 389 391 395 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS The introduction of the potato to the Old World. An illustration The Great Explorers: Columbus's fleet reaching America. From The Reformation. Preaching at St. Paul's Cross. From an en- Interior of the House of Commons in 1742 XV 399 401 405 409 415 The Grand Monarchy. Grounds of Louis XIV's palace at Versailles, from a contemporary print 419 The defeat of the French in North America and the Acquisition of 427 'The Smoaking Club', by Bunbury, about 1780. Cotton-growing 431 439 441 The Reign of Terror. Pages taken from an alphabetical list compiled about 1795; out of these eighty-five persons, all but sixteen were guillotined, and seven of these sixteen committed suicide Napoleon Bonaparte. From an engraving in the British Museum Napoleon's plan for the invasion of England. A fanciful print of 1798 contemplating invasion by air, sea, and a Channel tunnel. 443 451 455 Napoleon and the growth of the French Empire. A cartoon of 1805 by Gillray; Napoleon helps himself to Europe, while Pitt holds the sea for England 457 Moscow. A general view of the Kremlin in 1913. Photograph by Mr. Louis Cahan 459 The era of steam. The Great Eastern off the Isle of Wight; launched 471 473 Conditions in the Factories. Children in a rope factory. English 477 485 Headquarters of Garibaldi, at the convent of San Silvestre in A Punch cartoon of Bismarck, 1883. By permission of the Pro- 491 493 Great Britain in Egypt. The Battle of Omdurman. By permission of 1, Livingstone received by an African chief, 1854, in what is now Northern Rhodesia. From his Missionary Travels, 1866. 2, Peace-making in New Zealand. A mission boat accompanying a war expedition, 1831. From Rev. W. Yate, An Account of New Zealand, 1835. 499 503 507 Peasants on a Russian estate before the war. Photograph by 513 The Crimean war. Balaclava harbour, with British Fleet and transports. From a photograph taken at the time 519 Neutrality under difficulties. Disraeli and the Bulgarian atrocities. A cartoon from Punch, August 1876, reproduced by permission of the Proprietors 521 Slave auctions in Richmond, Virginia, 1861. From The Illustrated The Hope of the World. By permission of the Proprietors of 525 529 LIST OF MAPS The Mohammedan Empire in A. D. 750 Europe in 814. Death of Charlemagne 1566 Ottoman Dominions at the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, Europe at the time of Napoleon's greatest power, about 1810 Ν EARLY MAN IN the countless ages of the World's story which preceded the dawn of History, the evolution of life, both animal and vegetable, was profoundly affected by tremendous changes of temperature, whose full significance has only been realized within comparatively recent times. There were cold periods, four in all, known as Ice Ages, which were fatal to many forms of life; these were always preceded or succeeded by Sun Ages, when living things evolved and developed, first great writhing monsters who lived on banks of slime and fought and devoured each other, and who appear to have been destroyed by the intense cold of the Second Ice Age ; then mammals such as horses and bears, very small at first, but gradually increasing in size as they became accustomed to their surroundings. The Ice Ages, which were not universal, either killed warmth-loving animals or caused them to migrate to sunnier climes, and it was the last Ice Age which appears to have caused the disappearance from England of such creatures as the elephant, the rhinoceros, and the hippopotamus. During this time the struggle for existence was hard and rigorous, and it gave man the opportunity of developing the brain which has enabled him to assert his mastery over all other created things. How man originated is still very doubtful. Possibly he is descended from some man-like ape, or it may be that he and the great anthropoid apes such as the chimpanzee, the gorilla, and the orang-outang are all descended from a common ancestor. The earliest evidences of the existence of creatures which may have been human are flints and stones roughly chipped and shaped so that they could be held in the hand and used probably as axes. At Trinil in Java, at Heidelberg in Germany, and at Piltdown in Sussex there have been found certain |