(7) Chrysophanus mariposa, Reakirt, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 37, ; Fig. 38, 9 (Reakirt's Copper). Butterfly.-Small, with a broad dusky band on the hind wing of the male and on the fore wing of the female. The male is purplish-red above, the female bright red, with the usual spots. On the under side the ground-color of the fore wings is pale red, of the hind wings clear ashen-gray, with the characteristic markings of the genus. Expanse, 1.10 inch. Early Stages.-Undescribed. The insect ranges from British Columbia into northern California, Montana, and Colorado. (8) Chrysophanus helloides, Boisduval, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 33, ; Fig. 34, (The Purplish Copper). Butterfly.-The male has the fore wings broadly shot with iridescent purple. The female is well delineated in the plate. On the under side the fore wings are pale red, the hind wings reddish-gray, with a marginal row of brick-red crescents. The usual black spots are found on both wings. Expanse, 1.15-1.30 inch. Early Stages. We know next to nothing of these. The Purplish Copper is found in the Northwestern States from northern Illinois and lowa to Vancouver's Island. (9) Chrysophanus epixanthe, Boisduval and Leconte, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 28, & (The Least Copper). Butterfly.-The smallest species of the genus in North America. On the upper side the wings of the male are dark fuscous, shot with purple, and having a few red spots near the anal angle of the secondaries. The female on the upper side is pale gray, and more profusely marked with black spots. On the under side the wings are light gray, bluish at the base, and marked with the usual spots. Expanse, .85-.95 inch. Early Stages.-Little is known of these. This is a Northern species, ranging from Newfoundland, where it is common, to British Columbia, never south of the latitude of New England. (10) Chrysophanus hypophlæas, Boisduval, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 25, ; Plate V, Fig. 49, chrysalis (The American Copper). Butterfly.-This is one of the commonest butterflies in the United States. The figure in the plate will serve to recall it to the mind of every reader. It is abundant everywhere except in the Gulf States, and ranges as far north as Manitoba and the Hudson Bay region. Expanse, 1.00 inch. Early Stages.-These have often been described. The caterpillar, which is small and slug-shaped, feeds upon the common sorrel (Rumex acetosella). (11) Chrysophanus snowi, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 7, 8 ; Fig. 8, (Snow's Copper). Butterfly. This is a medium-sized species, easily recognized by the even, rather wide black border on both wings on the upper side, and the dirty-gray color of the hind wings on the under side. Expanse, 1.15-1.25 inch. Early Stages. - Unknown. Snow's Copper, which is named in honor of the amiable Chancellor of the University of Kansas, occurs in Colorado at high elevations, and is reported from Alberta and British Columbia. (12) Chrysophanus rubidus, Behr, Plate XXIX, Fig. 5, 8; Fig. 6, (The Ruddy Copper). Butterfly. This is a rather large species. The male on the upper side is prevalently pale, lustrous red, with a narrow black marginal band and uniformly conspicuous white fringes. The upper side of the female is accurately depicted in the plate. On the under side the wings are shining white, the secondaries immaculate. Expanse, 1.30-1.50 inch. Early Stages.-These are altogether unknown. This exceedingly beautiful species is found in Oregon, Nevada, and Montana. (13) Chrysophanus sirius, Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 3, &; Fig. 4, (Sirius). Butterfly.-The male closely resembles the preceding species on the upper side, but is brighter red, especially along the nervules of the fore wings. The female on the upper side is dusky. On the under side the wings are whitish or pale gray, but the hind wings are not without spots, as in the preceding species, and carry the characteristic markings of the genus. Expanse, 1.20-1.30 inch. Early Stages.- Unknown. The species has been found from Fort McCleod, in British America, as far south as Arizona, among the North American Cordilleras. THE UTILITY OF ENTOMOLOGY All the forces of nature are interdependent. Many plants would not bear seeds or fruit were it not for the activity of insects, which cause the pollen to be deposited upon the pistil and the seed-vessel to be fertilized. Attempts were made many years ago to grow clover in Australia, but the clover did not make seed. All the seed required for planting had to be imported at much expense from Europe. It was finally ascertained that the reason why the clover failed to make seed was because throughout Australia there were no bumblebees. Bumblebees were introduced, and now clover grows luxuriantly in Australia, making seed abundantly; and Australian meats, carried in the cold-storage rooms of great ocean steamers, are used to feed the people of Manila, Hong-Kong, Yokohama, and even London. A few years ago the orange-groves in southern California became infested with a scale-insect, which threatened to ruin them and to bring orange-growing in that part of the land to an unprofitable end. The matter received the careful attention of the chief entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, the lamented Professor C. V. Riley. In the course of the studies which he and his associates prosecuted, it was ascertained that the same scale-insect which was ruining the orange-groves of California is found in the orange-groves of Queensland, but that in Queensland this insect did comparatively small injury to the trees. Investigation disclosed the fact that in Queensland the scale-insect was kept down by the ravages of a parasitic insect which preyed upon it. This parasite, by order of the chief entomologist, was immediately imported, in considerable numbers, into southern California, and let loose among the orange-groves. The result has been most beneficial. These are two illustrations, from among hundreds which might be cited, of the very practical value of entomological knowledge. The annual loss suffered by agricultural communities through ignorance of entomological facts is very great. Every plant has its insect enemy, or, more correctly, its insect lover, which feeds upon it, delights in its luxuriance, but makes short work, it may be of leaves, it may be of flowers, it may be of fruit. It has EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI 1. Lycana pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec., 12. Lycana dædalus, Behr, 7. 13. Lycana heteronea, Boisduval, ♂. var. lucia, Kirby, ♂. 2. Lycana pseudargiolus, Boisd. -Lec., 14. Lycana heteronea, Boisduval, . 15. Lycana sapiolus, Boisduval, J. var. marginata, Edwards, . 3. Lycana pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec., 10. Lycana sæpiolus, Boisduval, . var. marginata, Edwards, . 17. Lycana lygdamas, Doubleday, ♂. 4. Lycana pseudargiolus, Boisd -Lec., 18. Lycæna lygdamas, Doubleday, ¥. var. nigra, Edwards, . 10. Lycana sagiltigera, Felder, J. 5. Lycæna pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec., 20. Lycana sagittigera, Felder, . var. violacea, Edwards, ✅. 21. Lycana sonorensis, Felder, . 6. Lycana pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec., 22. Lycana sonorensis, Felder, S. 23. Lycana shasta, Edwards, 7. Lycana pseudargiolus, Boisd. -Lec., 24. Lycæna shasta, Edwards, . 25. Lycana melissa, Edwards, 7. 8. Lycana pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec.. 26. Lycæna melissa, Edwards, 9. var. neglecta, Edwards, J. 27. Lycana acmon, Dbl.-Hew... 9. Lycana pseudargiolus, Boisd. -Lec., 28. reana acmon, Dbl.-Hew.. 9. var. neglecta, Edwards, . 20. Lycana computas, Godart, . 10. Lycana pseudargiolus, Boisd.-Lec., 30. Lycana computas, Godart, 4. var. piasus, Boisduval, 7. 11. Lycana dadalus, Behr, 7. 31. Lycana ammon, Lucas, 7 |