PART II.

CHAPTER THE SEVENTH.

OF ST. PAUL.

I.-History of St. Paul to his Conversion.-II. To the End of his First apostolical Journey.-III. To the Beginning of his Second apostolical Journey.— IV. To the end of his Second apostolical Journey. -V. To the End of his Third apostolical Journey. -VI. To his Release from his First Imprisonment at Rome.-VII. To his Death.-VIII. His Cha

racter, and Observations upon his Epistles.

I. ST. PAUL (a) was born at Tarsus, the principal city of Cilicia, and was by birth both a Jew and a citizen of Rome (b). He was of the tribe of Benjamin, and of the sect of the Pharisees (c). In his youth he appears to have been taught the art of tent-making (d); but we must remember, that among the Jews of those days a liberal education was often accompanied by

(a) In the Acts of the Apostles he is called Saul till the ninth verse of the thirteenth chapter, and afterwards he is always called Paul. No satisfactory reason has been assigned for this change. Vide Benson's History of Christianity, vol. 2. p. 28. and Lardner, vol. 6. p. 234. and the authors quoted by him. Perhaps the best conjecture is that of Bishop Pearce; Saul, who was himself a citizen of Rome, probably changed his name, i.e. his Hebrew name, Saul, to the Roman name Paul, out of respect to this his first Roman convert, i. e. Sergius Paulus, Acts, c. 13. v. 7." Vide Pearce in loc.

(b) Acts, c. 21. v. 39. c. 22. v. 25. (c) Philip. c. 3. v. 5.

(d) Acts, c. 18. v. 3.

instruction in some mechanical trade (e). It is probable that St. Paul laid the foundation of those literary attainments, for which he was so eminent in the future part of his life, at his native city of Tarsus (ƒ); and he afterwards studied the Law of Moses, and the traditions of the elders, at Jerusalem, under Gamaliel, a celebrated Rabbi (g).

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St. Paul is not mentioned in the Gospels; nor is it known whether he ever heard our Saviour preach, or saw him perform any miracle. His name first occurs in the account given in the Acts of the martyrdom of St. Stephen, to which he is said to have consented (h); he is upon that occasion called a young man, but we are no where informed what was then his precise age. The death of St. Stephen was followed by a severe persecution (i) of the church at Jerusalem, and Paul became distinguished among its enemies by his activity and violence (k). Not contented with displaying his hatred to the Gospel in Judæa, he obtained authority from the high priest to go to Damascus, and to bring back with him bound any Christians whom he might find in that city. As he was upon his journey thither, his miraculous conversion took place, the circumstances of which are recorded in the Acts of the Apostles (1), and are frequently alluded to by himself in his Epistles (m).

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(e) Vide Doddridge's Notes upon Acts, c. 18. v. 3. There was a maxim among the Jews, that "he who teaches not his son a trade, teaches him to be a thief."

(f) Strabo, lib. 14. tells us, that at this time Tarsus was distinguished as a place of education.

(g) Acts, c. 22. v. 4.

(h) Acts, c. 8. v. 1.

(i) This persecution is supposed to have lasted about four years, from the year 34 to 38.

(k) Acts, c. 8. v. 3.

(1) Acts, c. 9. v. 1, &c.

(m) Gal. c. 1. v. 13. 1 Cor. c. 15. v. 9. 1 Tim, c. 1. v. 12 and 12.

II. Soon after St. Paul was baptized at Damascus, he went into Arabia (n); but we are not informed how long he remained there. He returned to Damascus, and being supernaturally qualified to be a preacher of the Gospel, he immediately entered upon his ministry in that city. The boldness and success with which he enforced the truths of Christianity so irritated the unbelieving Jews, that they resolved to put him to death (0); but this design being known, the disciples conveyed him privately out of Damascus, and he went to Jerusalem.

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The Christians of Jerusalem, remembering Paul's former hostility to the Gospel, and having no authentic account of any change in his sentiments or conduct, at first refused to receive him; but being assured by Barnabas (p) of Paul's real conversion, and of his exertions at Damascus, they acknowledged him as a disciple. He remained only fifteen days among them (q), and he saw none of the Apostles, except Peter and James. It is probable that the other Apostles were at this time absent from Jerusalem,

(n) This journey into Arabia is not noticed in the Acts. It is mentioned by St. Paul himself, Gal. c. 1. v. 17. It seems equally doubtful whether he preached at Damascus before he went into Arabia, and whether he preached while he was in Arabia, as Scripture is silent upon both points. St. Luke says, Acts, c. 9. v. 20, that he "straitway preached Christ," but he may possibly mean after he returned from Arabia; and some have thought that it was ordered by Divine Providence that there should be an interval of retirement and quiet between Paul's violent persecution of Christians and his zealous propagation of the Gospel. Nec hoc, says St. Jerome, segnitiæ apostoli deputandum, si frustra in Arabia fuerit; sed quod aliqua dispensatio et Dei præceptum fuerit, ut taceret. In Gal. c. 1.

v. 17..

(0) Acts, c. 9. v. 23.

(p) Acts, c. 9. v. 27. It does not appear in what manner Barnabas was himself inforined of Paul's conversion.

(1) Gal. c. 1. v. 18.

exercising their ministry at different places. The zeal with which Paul preached at Jerusalem had the same effect as at Damascus: he became so obnoxious to the Hellenistic Jews, that they began to consider how they might kill him (r), which when the brethren knew, they thought it right that he should leave the city. They accompanied him to Cæsarea, and thence he went "into the regions of Syria and Cilicia, where he preached the faith which once he destroyed (s)."

Hitherto the preaching of St. Paul, as well as of the other Apostles and Teachers, had been confined to the

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Jews; but the conversion of Cornelius, the first 40. Gentile convert, having convinced all the Apostles that" to the Gentiles also God had granted repentance unto life," Paul was soon after conducted by Barnabas from Tarsus, which had probably been the principal place of his residence since he left Jerusalem, and they both began to preach the Gospel to the Gentiles at Antioch (t). Their preaching was attended with great success. The first Gentile church was now established at Antioch; and in that city, and at this time, the disciples were first called Christians (u). When these two Apostles had been thus employed about a year, a prophet called Agabus predicted an approaching famine, which would affect the whole land of Judæa. Upon the prospect of this calamity, the Christians of Antioch made a contribution for their brethren in Judæa, and sent the money to the elders at Jerusalem by Paul and Barnabas (w). This famine happened soon after, in the

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(r) Acts, c. 9. v. 29.
(s) Gal. c. 1. v. 21 and 23.
(u) Acts, c. 11. v. 26.

Nazarenes and Galilæans.
afterwards called Nazarenes.

(t) Acts, c. 11. v. 25. Before this time they had been called A particular sect of Christians were

(w) Acts, c. 11. v. 28, &c.

fourth or fifth year of the emperor Claudius. It is supposed that St. Paul had the vision, mentioned in the Acts (x), while he was now at Jerusalem this second time after his conversion.

Paul and Barnabas, having executed their commission, returned to Antioch, and soon after their arrival in that city they were separated, by the express direction of the Holy Ghost, from the other Christian teachers and prophets, for the purpose of carrying the glad tidings of the Gospel to the Gentiles of various countries (y). Thus divinely appointed to this important office, they set out from Antioch, and preached the Gospel successively at Salamis and Paphos, two cities of the Isle of Cyprus, at Perga in Pamphylia, Antioch in Pisidia, and at Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe, three cities in Lycaonia. They returned to Antioch in Syria, nearly by the same

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route.

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This first apostolical journey of St. Paul, in which he was accompanied and assisted by Barnabas, is supposed to have occupied about two years; and in the course of it many, both Jews and Gentiles, were converted to the Gospel. The sermon which Paul preached at Antioch in Pisidia, the conversion of Sergius Paulus, the two miracles which Paul performed at Paphos and at Lystra, the persecutions which he and Barnabas suffered at different places from the unbelieving Jews, and other circumstances of the journey, are recorded in the Acts (z).

III. PAUL and Barnabas continued at Antioch a considerable time; and while they were there, a dispute arose between them and some Jewish Christians of Judæa. These men asserted that the Gentile con(y) Acts, c. 13. v. 1.

(x) Acts, c. 22. v. 17.