tureen (for holding salt-seasonings) was not called by the same name. HENRY T. RILEY. Draught.-In Lincolnshire they lead their coals, bricks, &c., or pay for the leading. In Leicestershire they draw them. In some of the southern counties they carry them, and in others they cart them. Are other terms used, and in what localities? ANON.

Ignacio Boix, Calle de Carretas, No. 8." This I bought; but it is so inadequate to my purpose, that I should feel greatly obliged for the information if a better one exists; which surely must be the case in a language so rich in proverbs as is the Spanish. JAMES MIDDlemore.

Griffin's Hill, Northfield.

Elephants exasperated by the Blood of Mulberries.Dr. Henry More (Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge,) in a work written by him (under the pseudonyme of Philophilus Parraseastes), entitled Enthusiasmus Triumphatus (1656, 12mo.), says, in the preface to the reader :

cious freshness of the morning air: but may we not set against this the loveliness of departing day, and the charms of moonlight? Granting, however, the advantages of fine summer mornings, it may be asked, in this climate where are they? Then, if rain and chilling winds prevent you from

"Brushing with early strides the dew away," how annoying are the impurities of the domestic atmosphere! The smoke of newly lighted fires! Dust from rubbing and scrubbing! Damp from washing and splashing! What disturbing forces too are in operation!-sweeping, shaking, brushing, and banging among inverted furniture, and minor moveables displaced and persecuted!

As to the alleged injurious effects of artificial light, early risers, be it remembered, must have recourse to it during a considerable portion of the year. At any rate, the reflection that peculiarities of constitution lead to different habits ought to restrain all asperity in the discussion.

Now for my Query:- Although Sir Walter wrote his romances before breakfast, and the hero of a modern novel rose early, as is boasted, cannot numbers of eminent authors be mentioned who

produced their works by the light of the midnight oil without smelling of it?

C. T.

Fain Play. When boys are playing, they use these words, as indicative of a truce or temporary cessation. It is worth inquiring what is the origin of this word fain. Has it anything to do with the French word fainéanter, "to do nothing?" Or ought it more properly to be written feign?

HENRY T. RILEY. Spanish Proverbs.—Could any of your correspondents inform me where to obtain a good work on Spanish proverbs, somewhat similar to the one in German by J. Eiselein? When in Madrid, a few months ago, I made every inquiry after a work of the kind, but could only hear of a small collection of about 200 pages, published by "D.

"These, I spread before him" (his opponent Mastix, who was Vaughan, the author of Anthrosophia Theomabattel to provoke his Irascible."

Is there any foundation for the statement that elephants were thus exasperated? and where is contained any account of it?

BELPHOS.

Have we any leaning towers in England, at all in Leaning Towers and crooked Church Spires. the style of that wonder of the world at Pisa? or like the Garrisenda at Bologna, which is eight, or, according to some, nine feet out of the perpendicular? We have had some very remarkable examples of crooked spires, particularly that of the church of St. Nicholas at Great Yarmouth, which served as a landmark from sea; and it was observable of this steeple, that, from whatever way it was viewed, it appeared awry. Some (query, needless) apprehension of insecurity prompted its being taken down and rebuilt, and thus a great object of curiosity was annihilated, about the beginning of the present century.* Query, how it existed? There also is, or was, a similar inwas this obliquity occasioned, and how long had stance of a crooked steeple at Chesterfield, Derby

*There is an excellent view of Great Yarmouth, with the spire in its primary (or crooked) state, in Buck's Perspective Views, London, 1774, vol. iii. plate 82,

"The under-miller is in the language of Thirlage called the knave, which indeed signified originally his lad (knabé, German), but by degrees came to be taken in a Worse sense. In the old translations of the Bible Paul is made to term himself the knave of our Saviour. The allowance of meal taken by the miller's servant was called knave-ship." Note from The Monastery, p. 178.

Can any of your numerous correspondents tell me the date of the translations where this word "knave" is found? CLERICUS RUSTICUS.

[It is surprising that this palpable hoax should have received credence from the time when Dr. Fuller wrote his Church History (see under A.D. 1384) to that when Sir Walter Scott published The Monastery, especially after the exposure of this knavish fraud by the learned Humphrey Wanley in 1699. The volume containing the hoax proved to be Tyndale's Bible, published under the name of Thomas Matthew, MDXXXVII., the forger having erased the XVII. It was purchased by Lord Oxford, and stands No. 154. in the Harleian Catalogue of Printed Books, vol. i. p. 9., 8vo. 1743, where it is thus described: "The Bible with marginal notes, black letter, with cuts, 1520. This is the Bible, in which, by an artful counterfeit, described by Mr. Wanley, St. Paul is called an kneawe, &c.: the rasure of the true words the servaunt, and the insertion of the false reading, though discoverable by an exact observer, are so well executed, that the Bible was sold to the Duke of Lauderdale for seventeen guineas, by one Thornton, who indeed first effaced Matthew's Preface, all the dates except one, of which he erased xvii., and added a note that this Bible, which was the edition of 1537, was printed in 1520, a date earlier than that of any English Bible. It does not appear that this reading was ever really printed." Hearne also informs us, that Mr. Dodwell told him, that on a wager being laid concerning this matter, inquiries were made both in England and Ireland after a Bible which had "Paul a knave," &c., and that the result of all was, that the word knave was not to be met with in any printed Bible. See Wanley's own account of this forgery in Lewis's History of English Translations, p. 47.; and Wanley's Letter to Dr. Charlet in Aubrey's Letters by Eminent Persons, vol. i. p. 95. This knavish volume was in private hands for some years after the sale of the printed books of the Harleian Library, and was eventually added to the Royal Library. Upon the gift of this magnificent collection to the nation by George IV., it was rejected as imperfect. It now forms one of the literary curiosities in the great collection of early English Bibles in the library of George Offor, Esq., of Hackney, where it is in excellent preservation, and completed from another copy. We may add, that in Wicliffe's translation of the New Testament, published by John Lewis in 1731, the word knave is used in Rev. xii. 5., “And sche bare a knaue child," meaning a male child.]

Philip Nichols of Trinity Hall. - This person, a Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, was expelled for stealing books from St. John's College library, August 4, 1731. What eventually became of him,

[Philip Nichols (sometimes spelt Nicols), Clerk, Doctor of Laws, Fellow of Trinity College, was unanimously expelled on August 4, 1731, and a copy of the sentence in Latin affixed to the college-gate, signifying that he had been guilty of dissolute living, and of stealing many valuable books of the library of St. John's College and elsewhere, to the great scandal and dishonour of that university. (Gent. Mag., i. 351.) He was afterwards one of the writers in the Biographia Britannica, and the articles in the first edition signed P. are attributed to him. ("N. & Q." 2nd S. i. 455.) In one of the articles (that of Dr. Joseph Smith) was a letter from Sir Thomas Hanmer, reflecting on Bishop Warburton, in regard to Shakspeare, which the Bishop prevailed on the proprietors to cancel. On Warburton's refusing to give this literary Cerberus a sop, Nichols subsequently republished The Castrated Letter of Sir Thomas Hanmer in the Sixth Volume of the Biographia Britannica, with an Impartial Account of the extraordinary Means used to suppress this remarkable Letter, fol., 1763. Bishop Warburton does not fail in noticing it to refer to Nichols's expulsion from the university. Nichols also wrote the Life of Bishop Hoadly for the Biog. Britan., which gave such offence to the family, that the Bishop's son, Dr. John Hoadly, supplied another article for the Supplement of that work. On the publication of the latter article, Lord Chancellor Yorke thus writes to Dr. Hoadly: "Your description of Nichols entertained me. Helluo librorum, I suppose, from the strength, depth, and leger-de-main of his cassock. One of that name, a few years ago, was a famous bookstealer in libraries, convicted at the Old Bailey, and perhaps now returned from transportation. Nothing is so natural as that a felon book-stealer should turn hireling panegyrist, or felon libeller, in his regenerate state. It is a metempsychosis devoutly to be expected."-Gent, Mag. xlvi. 166.]

C. U., Organ Performer to the Prince Regent.Having in my possession a quantity of manuscript music, by a person who styles himself “C. U., Organ Performer to His Royal Highness the Prince Regent, An. Dom. 1818," I should feel particularly obliged if you could inform me who C. U." was. BENJAMIN DAVIS.

[Having referred this inquiry to DR. RIMBAULT, he has kindly furnished us with the following Note:

"I have several MS. pieces for the organ by CHARLES UPTON, an organist and composer of the beginning of the present century. They do not possess any particular originality, or show any great scientific skill, but may be called 'respectable.' 'Probably the C. U., Organ Performer to the Prince Regent,' was this Charles Upton. Mr. Upton's name does not occur among the Musicians in Ordinary' to the Prince; nor do I find an Organ Performer' in any of the Royal Household lists of the period. His title was most probably an assumption, from his having played upon some occasion before his Royal Highness. EDWARD F. RIMBAULT."]

Precentor of the Province of Canterbury.—What are the duties attached to the office of the Bishop of Salisbury under one of the titles which he bears, viz. "Provincial Precentor of Canterbury"? It was gravely stated at a clerical meeting the other

day, that the name implied that the "Bishop of Sarum was anciently responsible for instructing the Archbishop of Canterbury to sing, and hence he was called Provincial Precentor of Canterbury.' I am unwilling to expose the absurdity of such a supposition, but I shall be glad to know whether any of your ecclesiological readers can explain the origin and duties of the office, or refer me to an authority which shall satisfy my curiosity. Has it not some reference to Convocation? CLERICUS RUSTICUS. [This office, attached to the See of Sarum, or Salisbury, is one belonging to the province of Canterbury, and not to the archbishop individually. The dean of the province is the Bishop of London; the sub-dean, the Bishop of Winchester; the chancellor, the Bishop of Lincoln; the precentor, the Bishop of Sarum, or Salisbury; and the chaplain, the Bishop of Rochester. The Sarum Office Books, such as the Breviaries, the Antiphonaria, the Gradualia, Hymnarii, &c. are of the highest authority, because flowing from the source to which had been confided the purity of the songs of the Church.]

Bamboozle.

Would you, through the medium of your delightful periodical, kindly assist me to the origin or derivation of the not very elegant word bamboozle? It sounds very much as if it belonged to the bamboo family, but the particulars of the connection I am at a loss to discover. PHILOLOGUS.

[In Todd's Johnson it is stated to be a cant word, from bam, a cheat; of which Richardson, in his Supplement, gives the following example:

"Prig. This is some conspiracy, I suppose, to bam, to chowse me out of my money."-Foote, The Cozeners, Act III. Sc. 1.

Bouchier, in his Glossary, says, "This term bamboozle has, with great propriety, long had a place in the Gipsy or Canting Dictionaries, it being, in my opinion, the sole invention of gipsies, or vagrants." It seems to have first come into vogue during the early part of the last century; for in The Tatler, No. 230., we read, "The third refinement observable in the letter I send you consists in the choice of certain words invented by some pretty fellows, such as banter, bamboozle, country put, and kidney, some of which are now struggling for the vogue, and others are in possession of it."]

"The World Unmasked; or, the Philosopher the Greatest Cheat," 1736.-Who is the author?

[By some attributed to Bernard Mandeville.]

Replies.

LORD HALIFAX AND MRS. BARTON.

(2nd S. i. 265.)

ANON.

If PROFESSOR DE MORGAN will consult another of Mrs. Manley's disgraceful works, he will find an allusion to these parties. It is entitled "Memoirs of Europe towards the close of the Eighth Century. Written by Eginardus, secretary and favourite to

Charlemagne, and done into English by the Translator of the New Atalantis." My copy is "The second edition, corrected, 1711." A Key is appended, entitled "A Key to the Third Volume of the Atalantis, called Memoirs of Europe." The pages given in the key frequently do not correspond with the pages intended to be designated. Lord H-1-x is "Julious (sic) Sergius;" "BarAt tica" is "Sir Is. Neuton's (sic) Niece." p. 252. a pretended history of Lord Halifax is given; then follows an account of his palace, devoted to luxury and debauchery. At p. 268. the name of Bartica is introduced, described by her lover as "a Traitress, an inconsistent proud Baggage," upon whom he had lavished "myriads," "besides getting her worthy ancient Parent a good post for connivance." Then she is described as exacting marriage as the only terms of continued intimacy with her lover. He professes that "if he pined himself to death, he was resolved not to marry her while she was so saucy."

The testimony of Mrs. Manley is of course wholly valueless, except as an indication that Manley was of the circle whom she calumniated scandal was current. How utterly ignorant Mrs. appears from her describing Sir Isaac Newton as the "worthy parent of Bartica. If PROFESSOR DE MORGAN wishes to see the volume, my copy is at his service. R. BROOK Aspland. Dukinfield.

I regret to disturb the conclusion to which PROFESSOR DE MORGAN has arrived respecting this work. His informant was right, for it does contain "the current scandal relative to Lord Halifax and Newton's niece," as he will find by consulting the third volume of the edition of 1720. That edition is provided with a key to the entire work; but, from the fact of its being appended to the first volume, though separately headed, it probably escaped the PROFESSOR'S notice. In it I find, under reference to page "263. Bartica, Sir Isaac Newton's Niece," and on turning to the page in question, the following passage:

"I think, my Lord Julius Sergius,' continued I, addressing more closely to his Lordship, 'tis hard, that of all this heavenly Prospect of Happiness, your Lordship is the only solitary Lover: What is become of the charming Bartica? Can she live a Day, an Hour, without you? Sure she's indisposed, dying or dead.' 'You call the Tears into my Eyes, dear Count,' answered the Heroe sobbing, 'she's a Traitress, an inconstant proud Baggage, yet I Love her dearly, and have lavished Myriads upon her, besides getting her worthy ancient Parent a good Post for Connivance. But, would you think it? She has other Things in her Head, and is grown so fantastick and high, she wants me to marry her, or else I shall have no more of her, truly: 'Twas ever a proud Slut; when she pretended most Kindness, when she was all over Coquet, and coveted to engage me more and more; when our Intimacy was at the height, she us'd to make my Servants wait

three Hours for an Answer to How-d'-ye, or a Letter, which I sent every successive Morn." "

Julius Sergius, I ought to have previously noted, is the name given in the Key to "Lord II- -x."

Should PROFESSOR DE MORGAN wish to consult the volumes, I shall be happy to leave them at your office for his use. T. C. S.

Marrement (2nd S. ii. 327.)-I can help F. R. DALDY with but one word from Gower, marrement, at present. This is old French. "MARREMENT, marissement, marriment: douleur, deplaisir, affliction, tristesse, chagrin, plainte; mæror." Rocquefort. A. B.

PASSAGES IN GOWER.

(2nd S. ii. 327.)

I beg to offer the following explanation of some of the expressions in Gower of which an explanation is asked.

1. "And I can ever lenger the lasse." May not this be "linger the less," and the meaning be, "I have but little time to spare"?

4. "And though I stonde there a mile." Apparently the idea of time is transferred to that of space, perhaps in obedience to the exigencies of the rhyme. "A mile" may be put for " as long as it would take to walk a mile;" or it may be quite a general expression for "a long time.” 5. "Ne so well taught at mannes eye; i. was generally evident, as appeared to the eyes of Elsewhere Gower uses the expression "at eye," or "at the eye." Thus:

men.

e. as

"The thing so open is at eye." But he is also fond of employing the possessive 66 mannes or "worldes," in order to make an expression assume its most general form. Thus : "That out of mannes nacion

Fro kinde they be so miswent."— 1. 55. Speaking of the daughters of Phorceus, who were like serpents. And,

"Thus we be come for to preie

That ye my worldes deth respite."-I. 116.

7. "Doaire" apparently is that with which one is dowered or gifted; and, in the connexion in which it occurs, a province. We find it in

Chaucer:

"But ther as ye me profre swiche dowaire,
As I first brought," &c.-C. T. 8724.

8. "Whan he were of dawe;" i. e. when he was dead, literally "out of day, or life." The A.-S. dag is used of the time of a man's life.

9. "The thing is torned into was;" i. e. it is become a matter of the past: you can only speak of it in the past tense, and say "it was." 10. "That she about her white swere. It did," &c.; i. e. that she put it about her white throat. The A.-S. swer, sweor, &c., means a pillar or column. Hence it would be applied figuratively to the neck, as the pillar or column which supports the head. J. J. STEWART Perowne.

King's College.

HOPS.

(2nd S. ii. 243. 276. 314. 335.)

As the rhymester has not told us in what year the "reformation" to which he alludes took place, and as your correspondent MR. YEOWELL has not made it a bit more clear, it must be confessed that

the question of the introduction of the cultivation of hops into England is still left a doubtful one. The fact of their importation from Flanders is of very little assistance in settling the date, Until any since that continues in our own day. article of food or commerce becomes a kind of necessity, it will be so little regarded that few will be able to determine the precise date of its intro

duction. It is so with "the wicked weed" that bitters our ale. Hops are probably indigenous to England, but they seem not to have been much cultivated until the adulterations practised by the Flemish growers made the hop merchant's venture, always a precarious, and often a losing one. Harrison, writing in the reign of Elizabeth, says:

"Of late years we have found and taken up a great trade in planting of hops, whereof our moory hitherto and unprofitable grounds do yield such plenty and increase that there are few farmers or occupiers in the country which have not gardens and hops growing of their own, and those far better than do come from Flanders unto us. Certes the corruptions used by the Flemings, and forgery daily practised in this kind of ware, gave us occasion to plant them here at home, so that now we may spare and send many over unto them." - Holinshed's Chronicles, vol. i. p. 185-6., edit. 1807.

What the relative superiority of English hops was over Flemish adulterated ones, we gather from an entry in the household book of the L'Estranges (Archæologia, vol. xxv.), where, under 1530, we read,

"Item, pd the iiij day of Octobre to Robert Baynard by the hands of John Tiff for one hundred hoppys, 18.

"Item, pd xxviij day of January to Frances the Flemyng for 3331bs hoppes at xij the hundred . . . 39s 4d."

In other words, English hops were worth half as much again as those from Flanders.

In the same household book we meet with the following entry:

"To my lady Spellman's servant for thynnyng the hop yard.”

E. G. R. will note that these were Norfolk hops.

From a letter in Burgon's Life of Sir Thomas Gresham (vol. ii. p. 169.), it would seem that in