have been printed "Reginald Courtenay." He is, I believe, second son of the late Rt. Hon. Thomas Peregrine Courtenay, next brother to the present Earl of Devon. PATONCE.

JACOB BEHMEN.

(2nd S. i. 513.)

ANON'S note, with the word originals in Italics, seems to imply that he charges Newton, Hahnemann, and others, with being indebted to Jacob Behmen, without having had the candour to acknowledge the fact; a very serious charge, which induces me to mention, as an experience of my own, that a theosopher will make such a charge without knowing very much of the man impugned. Some years ago, when beginning to study Behmen, I was told by an ardent theosopher (I rather think ANON. himself) that Emanuel Swedenborg had been indebted to Behmen. I had read much of Swedenborg, and besides the internal evidence to the contrary, I knew that Swedenborg, in one of his letters, had expressly said (the question having been asked) that he had not read Jacob Behmen, for which he also gave a reason. I naturally inquired of this gentleman, "What do you know of Swedenborg? when he produced a small volume called The Beauties of Swedenborg, a most unhappy piece of garbling. This was all he knew of the author of several works, in which, as with Behmen also, the internal state of the author is given by himself.

It struck me that this indisposition, in a theosopher, to believe that another man, as well as his special Master, might be original, in the proper sense of the word, was highly unphilosophical, to say nothing of the impropriety of lightly attributing mean conduct to eminent men.

It would be easy to show that the very extraordinary and profound writings of Jacob Behmen would afford no countenance to this particular shortcoming in his pupil. ALFRED ROFFE. Somers Town.

THE ARMS OF GLASGOW.

(2nd S. ii. 13, 14.)

seems uncertain. In the "Dedication" of the work of John McUre in 1736 (Glasgow's first historian) to the magistrates, "wishing them all happiness and prosperity, and according to your own motto, may ever flourish through the preaching of God's word," it had likely then been considerably tampered with, or only employed at full length on state occasions. The piety of the sentiment, and its continued appropriateness to Glasgow as a city, ought to form a reason for the civic authorities restoring it to its original.

Dr. Cleland, in the Annals of Glasgow, 1816, vol. i. p. 42., says:

"The armorial bearing of the city is on a field parti, p. fess argent and gules, an oak tree surmounted with a bird in chief, a salmon with a gold stoned ring in its mouth in base, and on a branch on the sinister side a bell langued or, all proper. Mungo, or Kentigern, mitred, appeared on the dexter side of the shield, which had two salmons for supporters."

Prior to the Reformation St.

Respecting obscure matters of this kind there will of course be always much to exercise the fancy, and hence many theories to explain the various insignia of the arms have from time to time been published, leaving us in the same state of conjecture. Dr. Main, an eminent professor of physic in the University of Glasgow, who died in 1646, had his Latin verses, "Salmo maris," &c., Englished in rather a homely strain by J. B. in 1685, as follows:

"The salmon which is a fish of the sea,

The oak which springs from earth that loftie tree,
The bird on it which in the air doth flee,
O Glasgow does presage all things to thee
To which the sea, or air, or fertile earth,
Do either give their nourishment or birth;
The bell that doth to public worship call
Sayes heaven will give most lasting things of all;
The ring the token of the marriage is,

Of things in heaven and earth both thee to bless."

Similar are extant, from the learned professor downwards to those of the schoolboy who usually had at his finger ends a rhyme now nearly obsolete, and who cut the knot he could not untie :

"This is the tree that never grew,
This is the bird that never flew,
This is the bell that never rang,
This is the fish that never swam,
This is the drunken salmon."

episcopal see and the bell, baptized and blessed, to which the greatest sanctity was attached, as typical of the cathedral. There was the fine local situation of Glasgow, adorned by a magnificent

river, abounding with fisheries, on whose banks grew the spreading oaks and fertile orchards, all of which objects, ecclesiastical and civil, came so far to be interwoven in her arms, denoting the importance of her status among the nations.

An excellent Gaelic scholar, now deceased, informed me that the name Kentigern should be rendered Ceantigh —Tighearna, the head, or governor, or father, or chief, or ruler of the Lord's House; Columba, or Colum-cille, Colum of the Cells, from his having founded so many churches and monasteries; Glasgow, Glas agus Dhu, grey and black-Glas's Dhu, grey and black Baile Glas's Dhu, the town of grey and black (monks). The most of her historians respectively consider the appellation as signifying a grey smith, from a supposed well-qualified craftsman in iron having taken up his abode in the place; as a dark glen in allusion to a deep mass of trees where the cell of St. Kentigern stood; and among the latest as derived from glas (Brit.), meaning "green," and coed, wood; thus glas-coed, the green wood, thought to be corroborated from the unquestionable early existence of a forest, subsequently denominated the "bishop's." A brook in a deep ravine at the east end of the cathedral, known as the Molendinar Burn, still continues to flow, which in the days of St. Mungo was no doubt covered with woods, and which it is not improbable led him to select the spot for a cathedral to plant the Christian faith on the ruins of some Druidical groves. G. N.

don was granted to them by the Prince Regent; mark, not a respite, or even a reprieve substituting" transportation" for "death" as a punishment, but a free and unconditional pardon. The four officers were removed from the service on Sept. 8, 1813, without the formality of a court martial. Mr. Gilchrist was only two months an ensign at the time of this unfortunate duel, and there may have been extenuating circumstances in his case: for he was appointed ensign, 67th Regiment, without purchase, in November 1820; was transferred to a veteran battalion in February 1821, and thence, in June following, to 60th regiment; from which he was placed on half-pay in August, by the reduction of several junior officers in each rank. He was appointed in January 1831 to 86th regiment, and obtained about the same time the situation of Garrison Quartermaster at Gibraltar, which he retained until June 1834, when he was ordered to join the depôt at home; he was promoted lieutenant in October 1834, and joined the regiment at Demerara in summer 1835. The regiment returned home in May 1837, and Lieut. Gilchrist was re-appointed in June 1837 Garrison Quartermaster at Gibraltar; which situation he again held until April 1841, when he retired on half-pay, and resigned his staff appointment. He died on Christmas Eve, 1849. G. L. S.

Conservative Club.

REPRIEVE FOR NINETY-NINE YEARS.

(2nd S. i. 465, 523.)

Your correspondent A. was misinformed as to the officer alluded to having received the grace of a suspension of his sentence of death" for ninetynine years." The facts of the case were as follows:-Several depôts of regiments serving on the West Indian and North American stations were quartered together in the spacious barracks at Winchester in 1813. Amongst the officers thus thrown into each others' society were Lieut. Blundell, Lieut. Anthony Dillon, and Ensign Daniel O'Brien, all of the late 101st, or Duke of York's Irish Regiment (a corps of duellists); and Ensigns Edward Maguire and James Peddie Gilchrist, both of the late 6th West India Regiment. Between Lieut. Blundell and Ensign Maguire a trivial difference arose, which was fomented into a quarrel by Lieut. Dillon and Ensigns Gilchrist and O'Brien; until a fatal duel was fought July 9, 1813, in which Lieut. Blundell lost his life. Lieut. Dillon, Ensigns Gilchrist, Maguire, and O'Brien were tried by civil law at Winchester, were found guilty of murder, and were sentenced to death, whereupon a royal par

EATON'S SERMON. (2nd S. i. 516.)

MR. ASPLAND states truly that the name of Samuel Eaton is not mentioned "in Hanbury's three bulky volumes of Historical Memorials relating to the Independents;" and he is solicitous to obtain references illustrative of Eaton's life and writings. That I was not ignorant respecting Eaton's character and writings when I "professed to write the history of Independency in England and its literature," MR. ASPLAND may see in the subjoined extract from my Historical Research concerning the most ancient Congregational Church in England, 1820, 8vo., pp. 54.:

"That the claim of Mr. Jacob's church to priority has been questioned, is evident from what is said in Edwards's Gangrana, pt. iii. 1646; but, as will presently appear, that writer is not sufficient authority. He says, in p. 164., There is a godly minister of Cheshire, who was lately in London, that related with a great deal of confidence the following story, as a most certain truth known to many of that county that this last summer, the church of Duckingfield (of which Master Eaton and Master Taylor are pastor and teacher) being met in their chapel, to the performing of their worship and service, as Master Eaton was preaching, there was heard the perfect sound as of a man beating a march on a drum,' 'insomuch

that it terrified Master Eaton and the people, caused him to give over preaching,' &c. And he adds, in p. 165.,

This church of Duckingfield is the first Independent church, visible and framed, that was set up in England, being before the Apologists came from Holland, and so before their setting up their churches here in London.' That Edwards's account is not quite correct, the following titles of works will show: A Defence of sundry Positions and Scriptures, alledged to justifie the Congregationallway, by Samuel Eaton, Teacher, and Timothy Taylor, Pastor, of the Church in Duckenfield, in Cheshire, 1645,

4to.; The Defence of sundry Positions and Scriptures for the Congregational-way justified, by Sam. Eaton and Tim. Taylor, 1646, 4to. In Calamy's Nonconformists' Memorial, Palmer's ed. 1775, vol. ii. p. 91., under the head 'Duckenfield, Lancashire,' is an account of Mr. Samuel Eaton; whence we find, that having been puritanically educated, he dissented in some particulars from the Church of England, and withdrew to New England [in 1637]; but returned and gathered a congregational church at Duckenfield. He died Jan. 9, 1664, aged sixty-eight. This account completely confutes Edwards's, for at the time Mr. Jacob instituted his church, Mr. Eaton was but twenty years old!"- Hist. Res., p. 6. BENJAMIN HANBURY.

Gloucester Villas, Brixton.

with the trite motto, "Festina Lente," for his Index. In the Golden Remains of the "ever memorable" Hales of Eton, London, 1688, he thus exhibits the progressive unity of an index, which methodically arranges excerptions though thrown together "in most admired disorder: "

"In your reading excerpe, and note in your books such things as you like, going on continually without any respect unto order; and for the avoiding of confusion it shall be very profitable to allot some time to the reading again of your own notes, which do as much and as oft as you can. For by this means your notes shall be better fixt in your memory, and your memory will easily supply you with things of the like nature, if by chance you have dispersedly noted them, that so you may bring them together by marginal references. But because your notes in time must needs arise in some bulk, that it may be too great a task, and too great loss of time to review them, do thus: cause a large index to be fram'd according to alphabetical order, and register in it your heads, as they shall offer themselves in the course of your reading, every head under his proper letter. For thus though your notes lie confused in your papers, yet are they digested in your index, and to draw them together when you are to make use of them will be nothing so great pains as it would be to have ranged them under their several heads at their first gathering. A little experience of this course will show you the profit of it, especially if you did compare it with some others that are in use."- Page 234.

BIBLIOTHECAR. CHETHAM.

PUNISHMENT FOR REFUSING TO PLEAD.

(2nd S. i. 411.)

The punishment of death was formerly most barbarously inflicted upon persons who refused to plead to an indictment preferred against them. I am enabled to give you the exact terms of the sentence. The prisoner being called upon to plead, and remaining mute, the judgment ordained by law was as follows:

"That the prisoner shall be sent to the prison from whence he came, and put into a mean room, stopped from the light, and shall be laid on the bare ground, without any litter, straw, or other covering, and without any garment about him (except something to hide his privy members). He shall lie upon his back, his head shall be One of his arms shall covered, but his feet shall be bare.

be drawn by a cord to one side of the room, and the other arm to the other side, and his legs shall be served in like manner. Then there shall be laid upon his body as much iron or stone as he can bear, and more. And the first day

any drink; and the second day he shall be allowed to drink as much as he can at three times of the water that is next the prison door, except running water, without any bread; and this shall be his diet till he dies. And he against whom this judgment shall be given forfeits his goods to the king.'

This sentence once pronounced, it remained at the discretion of the court to allow the prisoner to return and plead if he desired. By an act passed in 1772 this statute was repealed, and persons refusing to plead were deemed guilty as if tried by

MR. BATHURST'S DISAPPEARANCE.
(2nd S. ii. 48.)

The following account is from the Biographie Universelle, Ancienne et Moderne, Supplément, tome 57ème, Paris, 1834:

"BATHURST (Lord Benjamin?), né en 1784 à Londres, d'une famille illustre (voy. BATHURST, iii. 516.), reçut une brillante éducation, et fut dès sa jeunesse destiné à la diplomatie. Une mission lui ayant été confiée auprès de la Cour de Vienne, en 1809, il revenait de cette capitale avec des dépêches d'une grande importance, lorsqu'il disparut tout à coup, à son passage près de Hambourg, au moment où il allait s'embarquer pour l'Angleterre. Tout annonce qu'il fut assassiné par suite d'un crime à peu près semblable à celui dont le Major Sinclair avait été victime. On ne trouva d'autres traces de sa disparution q'une partie de ses vêtements restée sur les bords de l'Elbe. Cette perte causa en Angleterre de très-vifs regrets, et l'on à fait long-temps d'inutiles recherches pour connaître les auteurs du crime. Lorsqu'en 1815 l'exministre de la police impériale, Savary, tomba dans les mains des Anglais, il lui fut addressé sur cette évènement, par le ministre Bathurst, beaucoup de questions qui n'eurent point de résultat.'

From this it would appear that nothing certain, up to 1834, had been ascertained on this distressing subject. The Major Sinclair alluded to in the above extract was an officer in the Swedish service, who had been sent, in 1739, to negociate a treaty at Constantinople, and was assassinated on his return, near Naumburgh, in Silesia. The Biog. Univ. (tome 42.) says that the evident object of this crime was to obtain possession of his dispatches, the secret of which could only interest Russia. J. MACRAY.

Oxford.

Nothing certain is known of Mr. Bathurst's fate. In the life of his father, the late Bishop of Norwich, by Mrs. Thistelthwaite, any person interested in this strange story may see all that is known. His eldest daughter was drowned in the Tiber, the other is living. Mrs. Bathurst was a sister of Sir W. P. Call, Bart., and a cousin of my mother's. She died at an advanced age, in Italy, about a year since.

Would A BOOKWORM be so kind as to let me see Mrs. Bathurst's MS. journal?

Southend, Essex.

A. HOLT WHITE.

I have a version of the old song "Think of that, when you smoke tobacco," differing in words from the versions inserted in "N. & Q.," but similar in sentiment and metre, for which reason I shall not ask you to insert it. I send, however, one which is headed "a translation" in my notebook, and which differs in metre from those that have been embalmed in the classic pages of your invaluable journal.

"The leaves of tobacco which come from afar,
For better or worse to the smoker,
Their colour so green in the morn seems to be,
In the evening they 're livid- they wither;
This constantly shews to us pilgrims on earth
That we are but strangers on this stage, from birth,
In worldly enjoyments there 's always a dearth;
These morals at once touch the smoker.

"The pipe, through this habit, it blackens in time,
The ashes and smoke make it blacken;
Before it be cleansed, or whiten'd, 'tis put

In the fire, when it turns to its colour.
So we are, all of us, without and within,
Uncleanly and full of dire hatred and sin,
Before he is purified, grace must begin

To work on the mind of the smoker.
"The white chalky pipe has the colour of them
Whom we call our fair maidens and beauties;
When once it is broken, it is put aside,

And wholly dispensed with its uses;
And thus we are, all of us, seemingly strong,
But a light stroke of Fate may cast us along
The stream of adversity - both th' old and the young
Should muse as the smoke them infuses.
"The ashes or dross in the pipe they remain,
It must be remember'd with wonder;
But the smoke it ascends to the regions above,
Most surely, as on it we ponder:

From this earth to that earth we soon must return, From ashes to ashes-though the thought we may

"hooka peue," to drink the hooka; and who likewise swallow the smoke, and breathe it out through the nostrils. E. E. BYNG.

Replies to Minor Queries.

Portraits of Swift (2nd S. ii. 21.)—I am not able to say (writing from the country) whether, as G. N. states, Faulkner (not Faulkener) printed an edition of Swift in 1734; but I have his edition of 1735, which makes no allusion to a former edition. My edition contains, in the 4th volume, the print that G. N. seems to allude to, but it differs from his description: first, in having Vert for Vertue, the engraver's name; and secondly, in being, in my opinion, a very poor performance, and a peculiarly bad likeness of Swift, which is the more apparent because the first volume has an admirable portrait of the Dean engraved by "G. Vertue," and in his very best style. If G. N. be accurate in his statements, I would guess that Faulkner published his first volumes in 1734, without Vertue's fine portrait, and republished them in 1735 with that plate and a new date. The plate in the 4th volume, described by G. N., and marked in my copy as by "Vert," was, I am satisfied, not by Vertue; but by some very inferior artist, who was not impudent enough to give Vertue's name at full length. C.

“God save the King" (2nd S. ii. 60.)-A. A. D. has been misinformed. No doubt can exist that Dr. John Bull was the composer of this tune. It stands in the volume of MS. music by Bull, formerly the property of Dr. Pepusch, now of Mr. Richard Clark. Mr. William Chappell is not a professional musician; and his statements upon music, as abstract music, should be received only so far as supported by the strongest evidence. Even musicians have made great mistakes in the origin and chronology of melody. Dr. Crotch, who chose to fix upon one chronological date as the rise of pure church-music, and another chronological date as the period of its decline, has made a ludicrous mistake in exemplifying his untenable theory. As an example of the church school in its perfection, he quotes a chant in D minor, imagining it was the composition of Thomas Morley of 1585, whereas it was made by William Morley of 1740, a period in which, according to Dr. Crotch's notion, all true churchmusic was defunct. H. J. GAUNTLETT.

Approach of Vessels (2nd S. i. 315.418.)—In the Nautical Magazine for March, 1834, will be found a very interesting account of Nauscopie, or the art of ascertaining the approach of vessels at a great distance, by M. Bottineau. He says:

of the waves, nor from quick sight, nor from a particular sensation; but simply from observing the horizon, which bears upon it certain signs indicative of the approach of vessels or land. When a vessel approaches land, or another vessel, a meteor appears in the atmosphere of a particular nature, visible to every eye, without any difficult effort: it is not by the effect of a fortuitous occurrence that this meteor makes its appearance under such circumstances; it is, on the contrary, the necessary result of one vessel towards another or towards land."

R. THORBURN.

Bottineau is the name of the person who practised the very curious art of foretelling the approach of vessels to land. He held a situation under the French government, in the Mauritius, towards the end of the last century, and appears to have made repeated and vain efforts to gain the patronage of his native government for his art, but having failed to sell it to advantage, permitted it to expire with him. He died in obscurity about the time of the Revolution; and it does not appear that any offer of his services was ever made by him to the English government, or that he derived any pension from it. The Nautical Magazine for March, 1834, contains a series of documents respecting this strange art; and in No. 115. of the first series of Chambers's Journal will be found an interesting paper upon the subject, under the fanciful title of " Nautical Second-Sight." WILLIAM BLOOD.

Dublin.

Lines on Warburton (2nd S. ii. 22.) — If S. W. will refer to Churchill's Works, vol. ii. pp. 43, 44., 1844, edited by W. Tooke, he will find the verses on Warburton he quotes, as written by S. Rogers in Johnson's Table-Talk:

"The first entitled to the place

Of Honour both by gown and grace,
Who never let occasion slip
To take right hand of fellowship;
And was so proud, that should he meet
The Twelve Apostles in the street,
He'd turn his nose up at them all,

And shove his Saviour from the wall." Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, and D'Israeli's Quarrels of Authors, and the notes of Mr. Tooke, may be usefully consulted in relation to Warburton and Churchill's satire.

A good life of Warburton, embracing the liteto his immediate contemporaries, is much to be rary history of the period, in relation to him and desired. SPENCER HALL.

Rawson (2nd S. i. 452.) — G. R. C. will see a pedigree of Rawson, of Bessacarr, in par. Cantley, co. York, stated to be descended from the Rawsons of Frystone, in Hunter's South Yorkshire (vol. i. p. 85.). Also, at p. 321. of the same work, another Rawson of Pickburn, or Pigburn, in par. Brodsworth. Accounts of other families of the same name are to be found in Hunter's Hallam

C. J.